AP 1 Flashcards
that anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body which are visible and palpable?
surface anatomy
the structures that can be examined without a microscope?
gross anatomy
structure of specific systems of the body?
systemic anatomy
specific regions of the body?
regional anatomy
structural changes associated with disease?
pathological anatomy
internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays?
imaging anatomy
what is histology?
microscopic structure of tissue
describe molecular physiology
functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA
what are the functional properties of nerve cells?
neurophysiology
the study of hormones and how they regulate the body?
endocrinology
what are the six levels of the structural organization?
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organismal
what are the eleven systems of the body?
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
lympahtic
digestive
reproductive
cardiovascular
respiratory
urniary
what are the six basic life processes?
metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction
what are two important ways body fluid helps homeostasis?
maintain volume
composition
what are some examples of extracellular fluids?
interstitial
blood plasma
lymph
cerebrospinal
synovial
what two systems play a large role in homeostasis?
endocrine
nervous
what are the disruptions that change a controlled condition?
stimulus
what are the two types of feedback systems?
negative
positive
what’s an example of a negative and positive feedback system?
negative = blood pressure regulation
positive = child birth
what’s the difference between a positive and negative feedback system?
negative is a change in a controlled condition
positive is to strengthen and reinforce a change
what is the structure that monitors the change and end impulses?
recetor
what’s an example of a controlled centre?
brain
what’s the difference between disorder and disease?
disorder: abnormality of a strutter or function
disease: a more specific term for illness by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
what does subjective means? objective?
subjective: manifestations that cannot be observed
objective: manifestations that can be observed or measured
are symptoms objective or subjective?
subjective
what are the four major chemicals of the body?
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
what are the minor chemicals of the body?
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
sodium
chlorine
magnesium
iron
what percentage of elements makes u the body?
96% major chemicals
3.65 minor chemicals
what are the three types of atoms?
protons (+)
neutrons (=)
electrons (-)
what is the dense central core of an atom?
what does a nucleus consist of?
nucleus
positively charged proton s and uncharged neutrons
what surrounds the nucleus?
electrons
what are the electron shells?
regions around the nucleus
how many electrons does each electron shell hold?
1st = 2
2nd = 8
3rd = 18
what are atoms that has a positive or negative charge due to unequal numbers of protons and electrons?
ions
what is called it when two atoms or more share electrons?
molecules
what are substances that contain atoms of 2 or more different elements?
compounds
what are free radicals?
an electrically charged atom or group of atoms with unpaired electrons in the outermost shell
what are the types of chemical bonds?
ionic bonds
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
what is the difference between cations and anions?
cations = positively charged ions
anions = negatively charged ions
what are the ionic compounds that break apart into positive and negative ions?
electrolytes
describe a covalent bond.
two or more atoms share electrons rather then gaining or losing them
what is the different between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
nonpolar = sharing equal atoms
polar = unequal sharing of atoms
how does a covalent bond become strong?
adding a larger number of electron pairs
are hydrogen bonds weak or strong?
weak
fill in the blank:
in a chemical reaction the total mass of _____ = the mass of ____
in a chemical reaction the total mass of reactants = the mass of products
what does metabolism refer too?
all chemical activity in the body
what is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?
potential = store energy
kinetic = associated with motion
match the following:
exergonic reactions A+B =AB
endergonic reactions AB= A+B
exergonic reactions AB= A+B
endergonic reactions A+B =AB
what is the collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of reactants?
activation energy
what two factors influence the chance that collisions will occur to a chemical reaction?
concentration
temperature
what are the chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur?
catalyst
what are the four kins of chemical reactions?
anabolism
catabolism
exchange
reversible
match the following:
anabolism product can be revert to original
catabolism synthesis reaction
exchange reactions consisting of synthesis and decom
reversible decomposition reaction
anabolism synthesis reaction
catabolism decomposition reaction
exchange reactions consisting of synthesis and decom
reversible product can be revert to original
what is the difference between inorganic and organic compounds?
inorganic = lack of carbon, ionic or covalent, 55-60%
organic = have carbon, covalent, 38-43%
what is the universal solvent?
water
what’s the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
hydrophilic = dissolves easy in water
hydrophobic = doesn’t dissolve into water
what makes water a good lubricant?
eps with sliding and movement in the chest
in joints it helps where bones, ligament, or tendon rub again each other
helps digest food
what is it called when acids or bases or converted into weak acid or bases?
buffer system
what are the categories of organic compounds?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid
ATP
what are three elements of carbohydrates?
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
what are monosaccharides?
3-7 carbon atoms
what are disaccharides?
combination of 2 monosaccharides
what are the four nitrogenous bases?
adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine
what are the three main parts of the cell?
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
what is the molecular arrangement of a plasma membrane that resembles an ever-moving sea of fluid that contains a mosaic of many different proteins?
fluid mosaic model
what are the three lipid molecules present in the lipid bilayer?
phospholipids
cholesterol
glycolipids
what are the non polar portions of the lipid bilayer?
steroid rigs and hydrocarbon tails
what is the difference between integral and peripheral membrane proteins?
integral: extends into and through the lipid bilayer
peripheral: not firmly embedded in the membrane
what are the functions of glycocalyx?
enables cells to recognize one another
enables cells to adhere to one another
protects cells from being digested by enzymes in the extracellular matrix
what is the role of carriers of the membrane proteins ?
transporters, carry a polar substance from one side to the other
what os the role of receptors in membrane proteins?
serve as cellular recognition sites
what is the role of enzymes in the membrane proteins?
catalyze for chemical reactions
what anchors neighbouring proteins in membrane proteins?
linker
what’s the difference between permeable, impermeable, and selective permeability?
permeable: permits the passage of substances
impermeable: does not permit the passage of substance
selective permeability: plasma membrane that permits some substances to pass more then others
what is the difference in the concentration of certain substances on either side of the plasma membrane?
concentration gradient
what are some passive processes of transport over the plasma membrane?
simple
facilitated
osmosis
what are some active processes of transport over the plasma membrane?
primary active
secondary active
describe diffusion?
passive process in which the random mixing of particles in a solution occurs from kinetic energy
what effects rate of diffusion?
steepness
temperature
mass of doffing substances
surface area
distance
what is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?
simple: substance move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
facilitated: integral membrane plasma protein assist a specific substance across the membrane because the substance is too polar or highly charged
what is osmosis?
a passive diffusion where there is the net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
occurs with water
the measure of solutions’ ability to change the volume of a cell is called what?
tonicity
what Is isotonic solution?
maintain normal shape and volume within a cell
what is it called when outside the cell has a lower solute concentration compared to the cytosol inside the cell?
hypotonic solution
what I the difference between lysis and hemolysis?
lysis: rupture of cells due to hypotonic solutions
hemolysis: rupture of red blood cells
what is shrinking of the cells called?
crenation
what is hypertonic solution?
higher solute concentration than the inside of the cell.
what makes active transport different then passive transport?
active requires energy to go against the concentration gradient
what’s the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
primary = atp
secondary = stored atp
what is phagocytosis?
a form of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles. phagocytes carry this process
what is the difference between macrophages and neutrophils?
macrophages = body tissue
neutrophils = WBC
how much of the cytoplasm is made of cytosol?
55%
what is the cytoskeleton?
a network of protein filaments in the cytosol
what is the function of cytoskeletons?
strutter, support
allows movement
what are microfilaments?
near edge of the cell
provide movement such as muscle contraction
mechanical supporter
what are centrosomes?
near nucleus
responsible for cell division and growth
what are cilia?
short hair like projections
what are the structures smaller then cilia but longer which can move an entire cell?
flagella
what do ribosomes do?
protein synthesis of RNA and proteins
what is the difference between the rough and smooth ER of the reticulum?
rough= has ribosome
synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids
smooth= no ribosome
synthesize fatty acid an steroids
what does Golgi do?
accepts protein from rough ER
what does lysosome do?
vesicles from golgi complex
digestion
what are peroxisomes?
oxides amino acids and fatty acids
what are proteasome?
tiny barrel-shaped structures that contain proteases
degrades unneeded or damaged proteins into small peptides
what is the powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP?
mitochondria
where id DNA located?
nucleus
what is the role of protein?
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of s cells and organisms themselves
assemble cellular structures
serve aa hormones, transporters etc
what is gene expression?
process of which a genes DNA is used as a template
what is the difference between transcription and translation?
transciption = information encoded a specific region of DNA
translation = RNA activating RNA
what is a base triplet?
the sequence of three nucleotides
what is a codon?
each base triplet is transcribed as a complementary sequence of three nucleotides
what is genetic code?
the set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and amino acid
where does transcription take place?
in the nucleus
what are the three types of RNA?
messenger RNA
ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA
what is the process of copying genetic information into a complementary sequence of codons?
transcription
what Is initiation transcription?
when RNA starts the process of transcription of DNA enzymes instruct where to start and where to end. only one of two DNA strands will be used for RNA synthesis
what is termination in relation to transcription?
where transcription ends
where does translation take place?
ribosomes
what is a simpler way to put translation?
produce protein in the body
what are the binding sites for the small and large subunits of ribosomes?
small = binding site for tRNA
large = P sites (tRNA attaches to mRNA)
a site (tRNA held against amino acids)
e sites (tRNA binds just before it is released into ribosome)
what are the two types of cell division?
somatic
reproductive
what is the difference between somatic and reproductive cell division?
somatic, produces 2 identical cells with he same number of chromosomes as original
reproductive, produces gamete
what is the name for sex cells?
germ cell
what are somatic cells?
any cell but a germ cell in the body
how many chromosomes do humans have?
23 pairs or 46 individual
are sex cells diploid or haploid ?
haploid
what period of the cell cycle is the cell not dividing?
interphase
what are the three interphase phases?
G1
S
G2
what are the stages of mitosis?
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
what is cytokinesis?
division of the cells cytoplasm and organelles into two identical cells
when does cytokinesis begin?
anaphase
define apoptosis
cell death
define necrosis
cell injury
what are the stages of reproductive cell division?
prophase 1
metaphase 1
anaphase 1
telophase 1 / cytokinesis
meiosis 2
end result
what are the four types of tissue?
epithelial (boy surfaces and hollow organs, ducts, glands, body cavities)
connective (supports and protects)
muscular (muscular)
nervous (nerves action potential responses)
what are the three embryonic tissue types?
endoderm (lining in GI, respiratory, or organs)
mesoderm (muscles bones and connective tissue)
ectoderm (epidermis of skin and nervous system)
what are the five types of cell junctions?
tight junctions
adherent junctions
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions
what are the functions of epithelial tissue?
limits or aids the transfer of substances into and out of the body
secretory surfaces that release products produced by the cells
protective services
what two things help classify epithelium?
arrangement
shape
describe the following:
simple
stratified
pseudostratified
simple = single layer
stratified = two or more layers
pseudostratified = depends on the nuclei location causes multiple levels at different locations
describe the following:
squamous
cubodial
columnar
transitional
squamous = thin and flat
cuboidal = tall and wide, also shaped like cubes
columnar = tall and wide like columns
transitional = changes shape from squamous to cuboidal and back
what is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
endocrine = secretions enter the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the blood stream without ducts
exocrine glands = secretion into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium (skin or hollow organs)
what is the difference between simple glands and compound glands ?
simple = no branding off ducts
compound = branching off ducts
what are some examples of medicine glands?
salivary glands and pancreas
what are some examples of apocrine glands?
sweat and mammary glands
what are holocrine glands?
rupture of the plasma membrane causing release of products
what are some functions of connective tissue?
bind tissue together
support and strengthen
protect ad insulate
compartmentalize
transport
stored energy
immune response
what six cell types are found in connective tissue?
fibroblast (secreted fibers)
macrophages (engulf bacteria)
plasma cells (secrete antibodies)
mast cells (produce histamine)
adipocytes (store triglycerides)
white blood cells (immune response)
what is ground substances?
between cells and fibre
support and bind cells, store water, and allow exchange between blood an cells
what is the function of reticular fibres?
provides strengthen and support consisting of collagen arrange bundles
what are the five types of mature connective tissue?
loose
dense
cartilage
bone
liquid
does cartilage have nerve or blood vessels in the extracellular matrix?
no
what are mature cartilage cells called?
chondrocytes
what is the covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains BV and nerve?
perichondrium
is something is avascular, what does that mean for healing of injuries?
poorly and delayed healing due to lack of blood flow
what type of cartilage tissue lacks a perichondrium?
fibrocartilage
what is healing of cartilage so poor?
due to lack of blood flow or avascular structures
what type of growth grows within the tissue ?
interstitial growth
what type of grows on the outer surface of tissue?
appositional growth
what are the two types of liquid connective tissue?
blood and lymph
what does muscular tissue use to generate force?
atp
what are the three types of skeletal muscle tissue?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
what structure is unique to cardiac muscle tissue?
intercalated disc
what is nerve action potential?
an electrical stimulus which conducts action potential to other neurons , muscles, or glands
what is electrical excitability?
the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potential
what is the process of scar formation called?
fibrosis
do scar tissue hace a main function?
no, they do not have any specialized functions but are used to replace damaged connective tissue
what is granulation tissue?
actively growing connective tissue that is brought on when tissue damage is extensive and not storm and parenchymal cells are active in repair
what factors effect tissue repair?
nutrition
blood circulation
age
what are the five main types of blood?
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
what direction do arteries carry blood?
away from the heart to other organs
what are the smallest branch of arteries?
capillaries
what is angiogenesis?
growth of new blood vessels
what re the three layers of blood vessels?
tunica intera
tunica media
tunica externa
what are the two types of arteries?
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
what is anastomoses?
branching of two or more arteries supplying the same region
what areas of the body will be lower in capillaries?
tendons and ligaments
what are the three types of capillaries?
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids
which type of capillary is the most abundant?
continuous
do venues maintain their shape often?
no
where are veins the largest?
at entry of the heart
what two things take place for the moving of venous blood back to the heart?
pumping of the heart
contraction of skeletal of muscles in the lower limbs
is blood pressure higher or lower in veins compared to arteries?
lower
how would you know if you cut a vein vs an artery?
veins will bleed slowly while arteries bleed fast and spurts out blood
where can you find valves?
tunica interna
are veins or arteries more numerous?
veins
how would you compare the upper body vs the lower body blood flow?
upper = superficial veins are larger then deep
lower = Deep veins are the major pathways from capillaries to the heart
how much blood is stored in the pulmonary blood vessels?
9%
how much blood is held in the heart?
7%
what three ways does capillary exchange take place?
diffusion
transcytosis
bulk flow
describe the diffusion of capillaries
substances move into / out of the cell by simple diffusion based on concentration gradient
describe transcytosis of capillaries
substances in the blood plasma become enclosed in tiny pinocytic vesicles that enter endothelial cells by endocytosis
describe bulk flow?
passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules or particles in fluid move together on the same direction
what is blood hydrostatic pressure?
water in the blood plasma exerts pressure abasing the blood vessel walls. due to the pressure abasing the walls, fluid is pushed out of the capillaries and into interstitial fluid
what is interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure?
minimal pressure that pushes fluid from interstitial space into capillaries
what is blood colloid osmotic pressure?
increased protein concentration in the blood causes fluid to be pulled from the interstitial space into capillaries
what is interstitial fluid osmotic pressure?
due to low concentration of proteins in intersitial fluid, the pressure is low which causes fluid to be pulled into interstitial spaces
how much fluid is filtered out of capillaries into tissue daily?
20 L
(17 L absorbed, 3 L lymphatic)
what are the functions of blood cells?
transportation
regulation
protection
what temperature is blood?
38 degrees
what is average blood pH?
7.35 - 7.45
how does blood become bright red?
high O2
what is the average blood volume?
men, 5-6 L
women, 4-5 L
what are hepatocytes?
liver cells which produce most plasma proteins
what are some plasma proteins?
globulins
fibrinogen
which of the following are whole cells? which have specialized roles?
white blood cells
red blood cells
platelets
white blood cells (whole, specialized)
red blood cells (whole)
platelets )fragment)
what is the formation of blood development?
hemopoiesis
where does hemopoiesis take place?
red bone marrow
what another name for red blood cells?
erythrocytes
what protein is present in RBC that carries oxygen?
hemoglobins
how would you describe red blood cells?
biconcave disc
strong and flexible
simple structure
lack nucleus and other organelles
how long is the life stand of RBC?
120 days die to wear and tear of the plasma membrane
how do RBC synthesize?
They don’t due to the lack of a nucleus. instead, they return destroyed RBC to the spleen and liver cells (phagocytic macrophages) to be recycled
what another name for white blood cells?
leukocytes
is there a presence of a nucleus in white blood cells?
yes
define emigration in relation to WBC
leaving the bloodstream
define adhesion molecules in relation to WBC
molecule that help WBC stick tp endothelium
define phagocytosis in relation to WBC
ingesting substances
what is chemotaxis?
the attraction of phagocytes through chemical release and inflamed tissue
what are the functions of WBC?
neutrophils (destruction of bacteria and fungi)
monocytes (clean up debris and infection)
basophils (react to allergic reactions)
eosinophils (combat effects of histamine in allergies)
lymphocytes (mediate immune response)
what is the function of platelets?
helps stop blood loss from the damaged site
promote clotting
what are the components of the lymph system?
lymph
lymph vessels
lymphatic tissue
bone marrow
what is the functions of the lymphatic system?
drains excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to the blood
transport dietary lipids and vitamins
carries out immune response
where does excess filtration lead too?
lymphatics
what is the sequence of fluid flow?
blood capillaries, interstitial space/fluid, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins
what two things aid in lymphatic flow?
skeletal muscle pumps
respiratory pump
what does red bone marrow give rise too?
B cells
what does the thymus give rise too?
t cells
what sites doe most immune response occur?
lymph nodes
spleen
lymphatic nodules
how would you describe the strutter of lymph nodes?
bean shaped
what happens tp the thymus after puberty?
atrophy
what is the function of lymph nodes?
filtration
what is the difference between the while pulp and the red pulp in the spleen?
white = immune function
red = removal of defective blood cells and platelets
where is the spleen located?
stomach and diaphragm
what is another name for MALT?
lymphatic nodules
what is an example of a MALT?
tonsils
what is the cutaneous membrane?
skin
what is the largest organ in the body?
skin
what are the superficial and deep layers of the skin?
epidermis
dermis
what is deep to the dermis but not apart of the skin?
subcutaneous layer
what four cells are present in the epidermis ?
keratinocytes
melanocytes
intraepidermal Marcopahges
tactile epitherlial
what are the thin layers of the epidermis?
stratum basale
stratum spinous
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
what layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
how does new skin grow in the epidermis?
newly formed cells are pushed from the stratum basale to the surface
what is keratinization?
growth of epidermis
how long does keratinization take?
4 weeks
what are excessive amounts of keratinized cells shed from the spin of the scapula?
dandruff
what features does the debris contain?
ability to stretch and recoil
what are the main groups of the dermis?
papillary
reticular
what is the difference between ‘messier corpuscles’ and ‘free nerve ending’?
messier = tacile receptors
free nerve = lack any apparent structure (warmth, coolness, pain, talking, itching)
what role does hair serve?
limited protection (guards scaled from injury and sun light, protects eyes, nose and ears from foreign matter, sensing light touch)
what is the following in relation to hair?
shaft
root
follicle
bulb
dermal shaft
matrix
erector pili
shaft = superficial portion
root = deepest portion
follicle = surrounds the root of the hair
bulb = base of the hair follicle
dermal shaft = dense portion of the dermis
matrix = site of cell division
erector pili = smooth muscles
what are the following structures in relation to the nails?
body/plate
free edge
nail root
body/plate = visible portion of the nail
free edge = portion that extends past the distal end (white)
nail root = underneath the fold of the skin
what are the three types of skin glands?
sebaceous (oil)
sudoriferous (sweat)
ceruminous (ear wax)
what is the difference between the apocrine and eccrine sweat glands?
eccrine = forehead, palms, soles
apocrine = axilla, breast, groin
what functions does the skin serve?
thermoregulation
blood reservoir
protection
sensations
excretion and absorption
vitamin D synthesis
what are some rapidly adapting touch receptors?
corpuscles of touch (meissner)
hair plexus
what are some slowly adapting touch receptors?
Merkel skin
ruffini corpuscles
what percentage of body weight does the skeletal system make up?
18%
what is remodelling?
the construction of new bone tissue and break down of old tissue
what tissues are involved with the skeletal system?
bone
cartilage
dense connective tissue
epithelium
adipose tissue
nervous tissue
what functions does the skeletal system perform?
support
protection
assistance in movement
mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
triglyceride storage
what is the function of yellow bone marrow?
consist of mainly of adipose cells which store triglycerides
what is the function of red bone marrow?
produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a process called hemopoiesis
what are the structures of a bone?
diaphysis (shaft or body)
epiphysis (proximal and distal shaft)
metaphysics (between diaphysis and epiphysis)
articular cartilage (covering bone articulation)
medullary cavity (hollow space)
periosteum (surrounds the external bone shaft)
endosperm (internal lining of bone)
what determines a bone’s hardness vs its flexibility?
hardness = crystallized inorganic mineral salts
flexibility = collagen fibres and other organic molecules
what happens to a bone when soaking it in acidic solutions?
dissolves its mineral salts and bone will become rubber and flexible
what is the role of osteoprogenitor cells?
unspecialized cells
only bone undergoes cell division
what is the role of osteoblast cells?
bone building cells
initiates calcification
what is the role of osteocytes?
cells that maintain tissue or mature bone cells
what is the role of osteoclasts?
break down the extracellular matrix
what is the difference in compact vs spongy bone?
compact = few spaces and is the strongest form of bone tissue
protection, support, and resist stress of movement and weight
spongy = does not contain osteons
light and reduces the overall weight of the bone
named for its appearance not texture
is bone richly supplied with blood?
yes
what artery enters the diaphysis though many perforating canals?
periosteal arteries
where do the nutrient ratios pass through?
nutrient foramen
what are the main veins of the bones?
nutrient veins
epiphyseal and metaphyseal
periosteal
which part of the bone is rich with nerves?
periosteum
what is ossification?
bone formation
osteogenesis
what are the four areas of bone formation?
embryo and fetus
infancy and adolescence
remodelling of bone
fracture of bone
when is fetal development does ossification start?
6th week
what is the difference between endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
endochondral = replacement of cartilage by bone
intramembranous =bone forms directly within mesenchyme arranged in sheet-like layers
what events happen for the bone to grow in length?
interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of the plate
replacement of cartilage on diaphysral side of the plate
what I the epiphyseal growth plate?
layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysics of a growing bone
allows bone to grow in length
what four distinct zones are in the epiphyseall?
zone of resting cartilage
zone of proliferating cartilage
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
zone of calcified cartilage
is the destruction of bone slower on the inside or outside?
inside
what is bone remodelling?
replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
can also remove injured bone
what is bone resorption?
results in the destruction of bone extracellular matrix, removal of minerals and collagen fibres via osteoclasts
what is bone deposition?
relates in formation of bone extracellular matrix via osteoblast
are new or old bones more likely to fracture?
new bone
what happens when bone is subjected to heavy load?
becomes thicker and stronger then old bone
how does bone resorption occur?
several osteoclasts carve out a small tunnel in the old bone and once small area of the bone is resorbed, osteoclast eaves and osteoblast moves to rebuild the bone
what can cause a bone disorder?
imbalanced osteoclast and osteoblast
too much tissue formation
thick and heavy bone formation
too much material deposited
too little calcium or tissue
too flexible
what is the role of the following:
vit. A
vit. C
vit. D
vit. G and B12
vit. A = stimulates osteoblasts
vit. C = synthesis collagen
vit. D = builds bone assist
vit. G and B12 = synthesis bone proteins
what factors determines metabolism of bone?
diet intake of minerals and vitamins and sufficient levels of hormones
what is the role of the following:
IGF
hGH
T3 T4
insulin
IGF = stimulates osteoblast
hGH = increased during childhood
T3 T4 = promotes bone growth
insulin = increasing synthesis of bone proteins
what do estrogen and androgen do for the bones?
cause dramatic bone growth
why does the growth of bones end earlier in women than men?
because of higher levels of estrogen
describe the following fractures.
greenstick
impacted
potts
colles
comminuted
open
greenstick = partial fracture
impacted = one end of bone is forcefully driven into other
potts = distal end of lateral leg
colles = distal end of lateral forearm
comminuted = crushed
open = broken skin
what are the phases of bone healing?
hematome formation
fibrocartilgionis callus
bony callus
remodel
how long does it take for bones to heal in…
children
adolescents
adults
children = 4-6 wks
adolescents = 6-8 wks
adults = 10-18 wks
what are the functions of muscle tissue?
produce body movement
stabilizing body position
boring and moving substances
generating heat
what are the properties of muscle tissue?
electrical excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity
