Neuro 2 Flashcards
do the posterior rami merge to form a major plexus?
no
what skin is innervated by the posterior rami?
thoracic wall
dermatomes T2-T12
skin over neck and occipital bone from C2
what muscles are innervated by the posterior rami?
splenii
erectors
transversopsinal
interspinalis
intertransversarii
supboccipitalb muscles from C1
what sense do the posterior rami detect?
taste
hearing
touch
pain
what is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primarily function of the cerebral cortex?
perception
what is considered visceral senses?
sensations of the internal organs
what are the special senses?
smell
taste
vision
hearing
equilibrium
what is selectivity?
when a sensory receptor responds to one stimulus but not another
what four things must arise for sensations to arise?
stimulation
transduction
generation
integration
what are the three characteristics of sensory receptors?
microscopic structure
location of receptors
type of stimulus detected
what are the two types of microscopic structures to receptors?
free nerve ending
encapsulated nerve ending
what three locations can receptors be found?
exteroceptors
interceptors
proprioceptors
what are the types of stimulus that can detected?
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
osmoreceptors
what things are considered tactile sensations ?
touch
pressure
viberation
itch
tickle
what are the two types of rapid touch to tactile senses?
corpuscles of touch (dermis of skin on hairless surfaces)
hair root plexus
what are the two types of slow touch to tactile senses?
type 1 cutaneous
type 2 cutaneous
what receptors contribute to pressure?
corpuscle of touch
type 1 cutaneous
lamellate corpuscle
what receptors contribute to vibration?
corpuscle of touch
lamellate corpuscles
what is phantom limb sensation?
experiencing sensations post amputation
what temperature would activate cold receptors?
10-40 C
do cold receptors have A, B, or C fibres?
A
what temperature would active warm receptors?
32-48C
do warm receptors have A, B, or C fibre?
C
what happens when temperature is below 10 or above 48 C?
painful stimulation occurs
what is kinaesthesia?
perception of body movement
what are the three kinds of proprioceptors?
muscle spindles
tendon organs
joint kinaesthetic receptors
what do muscle spindles detect?
muscle length
what do tendon organs detect?
protects muscles or detects load on muscle
where do first order neurons conduct impulses?
brain stem or spinal cord
where do second order neurons conduct impulses?
brain stem or spinal cord to the thalamus on the opposite side
where do third order neurons conduct impulses?
thalamus to the primary somatosensory area
what is the real stations?
thalamus
brain stem
spinal cord
what do the posterior column medial lemniscus pathways send impulses for?
touch
pressure
vibrations
conscious proprioception
what two tracts are in the posterior columns?
gracile
cuneate
where are the gracile fasciculus found?
lower limbs
where are the cuneate fasciculus found?
upper body
do the tracts cross over for the posterior columns? if so where do they cross over?
yes at the midbrain from the second order neurons
what nerve impulses are the anterolateral pathways responsible for?
pain
temp
itch
tickle
when do the crossing over take place with anterolateral pathways?
by second-order neurones at the spinothalamic tracts
what areas on the sensory homunculus have a large output?
lips
face
tongue
hand
what areas on the motor homunculus have a large output?
thumb
fingers
lips
tongue
vocal cords
what pathways convey nerve impulses on the same side?
anteriors and posterior spinocerebellar
what do the lower motor neurons provide output for?
skeletal muscle fibres
where are the lower motor neurons located ?
spinal cord and brain stem
what are the four somatic motor pathway neurons in the body?
local circuit
upper motor
basal nuclei
cerebellar
wha do the local circuit neurons do?
help coordinate rhythmic activites in muscle groups
who receives input from the upper motor neurons?
local circuit
LMN
what does the UMN do?
regulate posture
balance
muscle tone
reflexive movements of head and trunk
planning and execution of movements
what provides input for UMN?
basal nuclei
what are the two pathways of UMN?
direct motor
indirect motor
what are the pyramidal pathways?
action potentials for voluntary movements propagate from the verbal cortex to LMN via direct motor pathways
what is the corticospinal pathways control?
muscles of the limbs and trunk
where do the corticospinal pathways depend through?
internal capsule
what are the two types of corticospinal tracts?
lateral cortiocospinal tracts (distal limbs)
anterior cortiocospinal tracts (proximal limbs)
what are the five tracts of the tracts of the indirect motor pathways?
rubrospinal
tectospinal
vestibulospinal
lateral reticulospinal
medial reticulospinal
what is the rubrospinal tracts responsible for?
coveys impulses form the red nuclei
voluntary movements of the distal parts of the upper limb
what is the tectospinal tracts responsible for?
movement of the head, eyes, trunk, and visual or auditory stimuli
what is the vestibulospinal tracts responsible for?
movements of the proximal parts of the limbs for maintain posture and balance in response to head movement
what is there lateral and medial reticulospinal tracts responsible for?
movement of the proximal limbs to maintain posture and balance during ongoing movements
what four things is the function of the basal nuclei?
initiation movements
suppression of unwanted movements
regulation of muscle tone
regulation of non motor process
what is an involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus?
reflexes
what are the four kinds of reflexes?
spinal
cranial
somatic
autonomic / visceral
where does spinal reflexes occur?
grey matter
where does cranial reflexes occur?
brain stem
where does somatic reflexes take place?
skeletal muscles
where does there autonomic reflexes occur?
smooth muscles
cardiac muscles
glands
what five steps are involved with the reflex arc?
sensory receptors
sensory receptors
integration center
motor neuron
effector
what happens with stretch reflex?
causes a contraction fo skeletal muscles in response to stretch of a muscle
what are some examples of stretch reflex?
tapping tendons on the elbow
what gets triggered in stretch reflex?
muscle spindles
how would you describe reciprocal innervation of stretch reflex?
a stretched muscles contracts during a stretch reflex, the antagonistic muscle that opposes the contraction reflex
how would you describe the tendon reflex?
a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force become so great that a tendon my be torn
what is stimulated with tendon reflex?
GTOs
how would you describe the flexor withdrawal reflex?
more than one muscle group contracts
how would you describe the crossed extensor reflex?
helps maintain balance when flexor reflex is activated
how many cranial nerves do we have?
12
what three ways can the cranial nerves be classified?
special
motor
- branchial
- somatic
- autonomic
mixed
what is the name for cranial nerve 1?
olfactory
what is the classification for cranial nerve 1?
sensory
what is the name for cranial nerve 2?
optic
what is the classification for cranial nerve 2?
sensory
what is the name for cranial nerve 3?
oculomotor
what classification for cranial nerve 3?
motor
what nerve is considered the early morning nerve?
oculomotor
what is the smallest cranial nerve?
cranial nerve 4
what cranial nerve is the cheater nerve?
cranial nerve 4
what is the name for cranial nerve 4?
trochlear
what is the classification for cranial nerve 4?
motor
what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 5?
trigeminal
sensory and motor
what nerve is involved with bells palsy?
cranial nerve 5
what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 6?
abducens
motor
what nerve is called the tequila nerve?
cranial nerve 7
what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 7?
facial
motor and sensory
what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 8?
sensory
vestibulocochlear
what nerve is found in the ear canal and sed for balance, equilibrium and hearing?
cranial nerve 8
what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 9?
glossopharyngeal
motor and sensory
what nerve distributes to the thorax and abdomen?
cranial nerve 10
what is the name for cranial nerve 10 and the classification?
vagus
motor and sensory
what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 11?
accessory
motor
what two muscles are innervated by the cranial nerve 11?
SCM
upper traps
what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 12?
motor
hypoglossal
what us the name for the receptors used for scent?
where are they found?
olfactory
olfactory epithelium of the nose
what are the three kinds of olfactory receptors?
olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells
what’s another name for olfactory glands?
bowman glands
what do the olfactory glands do?
produces mucus that is carried to the surface of the epithelium by ducts. they also secrete mucus to moisten the surfaces of olfactory epithelium
dissolve odorants
what is olfactory transduction?
when olfactory tory receptors read to odorant molecules and trigger one or more nerve impulses
what area of the brain is used for awareness of smells?
temporal lobes
what area of the brain is responsible for remembering scents?
limbic system
what Is stronger olfaction or gustation?
olfaction
what are the five primary taste?
salty
sour
sweet
bitter
umami
what are tastants?
chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells
what three nerves are involved with tasting?
facial nerve: anterior 2/3 of tongue
glossopharyngeal: posterior 1/3 of tongue
vagus: taste buds of the throat and epiglottis
what are the six muscles of the eye?
superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
what muscles do the oculomotor nerve supply?
superior rectus
inferior fetus
medial rectus
inferior oblique
what muscles does the trochlear nerve supply?
superior oblique
what muscles does the abducens nerve supply?
lateral rectus
what is the iris of the eye?
coloured portion of the eye
shaped like a flat donut
what determines the colour in the eye?
melanin levels
when there is a large amount of melanin in the eye, what colour will it be?
brown
when there is very low melanin in the eye, what colour will they be?
blue
what nerve is responsible for the eye to constrict in light?
oculomotor
what nerve is visible when looking into an ophthalmoscope?
optic
what is the blind spot of the eye?
optic disc
what is the centre of the eye called?
macula lutea
what is the area of highest visual acuity?
fovea centralis
what are the rods and cones responsible for?
rods: see in dim light
cones: colour (blue, green, and red)
does the blind spot have rods or cones?
no
what is visual acuty?
sharpness of vision
helps us focus on areas while reading
what is convergence?
medial movement of two eyeballs so tat both are directed towards the object being viewed
what’s the pathway of neural vision?
optic nerve
optic chiasm
optic tract
lateral geniculate nucleus
optic radiation
what is everything that can be seen by one eye ?
visual field
what are the three divisions of the ear?
external
middle
internal
what structures are in the external ear?
auricle
external auditory canal
ear drum
what is another name for the ear drum?
tympanic membrane
what structures are in the middle ear?
ossicles
oval window
round window
secondary tympanic membrane
tensor tympani
stapeduis muscle
auditory tube
what structures are in the inner ear?
bony labyrinth
perilymph
vestibule
semicircular canal
ampulla
cochlea
organ of corti
tectorial membrane
what are sound waves?
alternation high and low pressure regions traveling in the same direction
fill in the blank:
the _____ the frequency of vibrations the _____ the pitch
higher
higher
fill in the blank:
the ___ the intensity of vibration the ____ the sound
larger
louder
how do we measure intensity of sound?
decibels
what is the order of bones in the ear from first to last?
malleus
incus
stapes
what area of the brain is where conscious awareness of sound occurs?
primary auditory area
what area is for more complex integration of sound?
auditory association area
what is equilibrium?
balance
what are the two types of equilibrium?
static
dynamic
what three was does equilibrium help with body movement?
linear acceleration or deceleration
tilting head forward and backwards
rotation
what are the receptor organs for equilibrium?
vestibular apparatus
what area of the brain controls autonomic systems?
hypothalamus
what are the two motor neurone pathways?
preganglionic
postganglionic
is the preganglionic neurons myelinated or unmyelinated?
what type of fibres do they have?
myelinated
b fibres
is the postganglionic neurons myelinated or unmyelinated?
what type of fibres do they have?
unmyelianted
cFibres
which of the types of neurons (preganglionic or postganglionic) lies outside the CNS?
postganglionic
where does the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse?
autonomic ganglion
where are the cell bodies located for the following:
preganglionic
postganglionic
preganglionic: brain spinal cord
postganglionic: autonomic ganglions
what are the two types of preganglionic neurons?
sympathetic division
parasympathetic division
which of the types of preganglionic neurons innervate the lateral horns into the 12 thoracic segments and 2 of the lumbar?
sympathetic division
which of the types of preganglionic neurons innovates CN 3,7,9, and 10, and the 2-4 sacral segments of the spine?
parasympathetic division
what’s another name for sympathetic division?
thoracolumbar
what’s another name for parasympathetic division?
craniosacral
what is another name for autonomic ganglia?
sympathetic ganglia
what are the two types of autonomic ganglia?
sympathetic trunk
prevertebral
what are the five ganglions of the prevertebal ganglia?
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
aorticorenal
renal
are the parasympathetic preganglinoic axons long or short?
long
are the parasympathetic postganglionic axons short or long?
short
what does the prevertebral ganglions extend through on its pathway?
chromaffin cells of the adrenal medullae
what is the autonomic plexus?
tangled network of axons from both parasympathetic and sympathy neurons
what are the seven plexus of the bpd?
cardiac
pulmonary
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
hypogastric
renal
what things does the axons of the postganglionic neurons provide sympathetic innervation for?
sweat glands
smooth muscles of blood vessels
visceral effectors of skin, neck, trunk
arrestor pili muscles of hair follicles in the skin
what is the adrenal medullas role with sysmathetic preganglioic axon pathways?
house the chromatin cells
releases hormones in the blood
-catecholamine
-80% epinephrine
-20% norephinphraone
what nerve does 80% of cranial outflow towards?
vagus (X)
what are the classifications for autonomic nervous systems?
cholinergic
adrenergic
what do the cholinergic neurones and receptors release?
AcH
what is included in the cholinergic neurons?
- all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
- sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands
- all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
what enzyme inactivated ACh?
acetylcholinesterase
what two neurotransmitters are seen in cholinergic neurons?
nicotinic
muscarinic
what does adrenergic neurones release?
norepinephrine
what things does adrenergic neurons bind to?
norepinephrine
epinephrine
what is alpha 1 and beta 1 for?
excitation
what is alpha 2 and beta 2 for ?
inhibitory
what is beta 3 for?
thermogenesis
what things are considered emotional exertion?
fear
embarrassment
rage
excitement
what is the major control and integration centre for the ANS?
hypothalamus
