Pathology Flashcards
what is pathology?
the science of disease
what is homeostasis?
the bodys way of adapting to the external envriomental changes in order to maintain good health and balance
what are pathogensis?
the cause or developing of disease
what is the differnce between apoptosis and nercosis?
apoptosis ( The death of cells. This occurs in a noraml cell life )
nercosis ( Death of all cells in an organ due to disease )
what is the difference between hyperplasia and hypoplasia?
hyperplasia (increase in cells in an organ)
hypoplasia (lack of cells in an organ)
define inflammation
the bodys first response to injury or infection
what are white blood cells?
type of blood cells which play a large role in immune response and fighting off infections
what is the difference bewteen acute and chronic inflammation?
acute (immediate response to injury. its describe as red, swollen, tender, firm, and hot to the touch)
chronic (slow, long term inflammation which can last for months to years post injury. described as boggy)
define the following:
commensalism
mutualism
parasitism
commensalism (when one indiviual benefits and the other is unharmed)
mutualism (when both indiviual benefit from the relationship)
parasitism (when one indiviual benefits and the other is harmed)
define the following:
endemic
pandemic
epidemic
endemic (found in a geographic region)
epidemic (abrupt and unexoected increase in the incidence of disease)
pandemic (spread of diease beyond continetal boundaries)
what is cystic fibrosis?
auto resscieve diorder that leads to excessive msucous build up in the GI tract, respirator tract, and reproductive tract
what conditions fall under COPD?
emphysema
chornic bronchitis
what is the difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
emphysema (the lungs loss of recoiling)
(pink puffers)
chronic bronchitis (inflammation and scaring of bronchis)
(blud bloaters)
define atelectasis
lungs fail to expand
what can cause atelectasis?
obstruction of airways
lung compression
loss of recoiling
what are some symptoms of emphysema?
barrel chest
pursed lips to increases the resistance to the outflow
of air
what are some sympyoms of chronic bronchitis?
decrease execrise tolerance
shortness of breath
hypoxemia
what is pneumothorax?
when air enters the pleural cavity
what is another name for pneuomthorax?
partial or complete collapsed lung(s)
define pneumoconiosis
Caused by the inhalation of inorganic dust and particulate material
what happens to marcophages with pneumoconiosis?
becasue the marcohpages are responsible for breaking down harmful material the flows through the lungs, with pneumoconiosis, inorganic materal breaks down the cells which cause these materials to cause inflammation and damage to the lungs
what is respiratory distress syndrome?
when infants do not have a mature pulmonary system, or sufficient surfactant
what are some symptoms of RDS?
central cyanosis
shortness of breath
fatigue
stiff lungs
what are pulmonary embolisms?
Obstruction of blood flow in the pulmonary artery resulting from a blood borne substance that has lodged in one of its branches
where do most DVT arise from?
lower extremities
what are some symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?
Chest pain
Dyspnea
increased respiratory rate
Pulmonary infarction
Hypoxemia
what is angina pectoris?
sudeen chest pain or pressure normall seen with cardiac ischemia
how would one desribe angina pectoris?
suffocating chest pain
steady pain
radiating to the left pain or jaw is common
what is congestive heart failure?
heart failure seen with congestion of body tissue
what is the difference between left and right sided heart failure?
left side (Failure of the left heart to move blood from the pulmonary circulation into systemic circulation)
right side (Failure of the right heart to pump deoxygenated blood forward into the pulmonary circulation)
what is hodgkins?
Specialized form of lymphoma that has the presence of an abnormal cell called the “Reed-Sternberg Cell”. they normally begin as a malignancy in a single lymph node and then spreads to contiguous lymph nodes
define neutropenia
abnormal low levels of neutrophils
describe tuberculosis infections?
causes by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease
a bacteria which antibodies do not response to there for can be seen as asymptomaic with flare ups
what puts someone at risk for tuberculosis infection?
people with impaired cell-mediated immunity or secondary infection is of high risk if one has previous history of primary TB
what are the four types of shock?
cardiogenic (failure of the heart to pump)
hypovolemic (loss of blood volume or decreased)
obstrutive (mechanical obstruction)
disturbutive (loss of blood vessle tones)
what are the types of hypovolemic shock?
inital stage
second stage
third stage
fourth stage
what are the types of disturbutive shock?
neurogenic (due to vasomotor control of thr brain)
anaphylactic (allerigc reaction)
septic (infection)
what are the complications of shock?
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute renal failure
GI complications
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
what is marfans syndrome?
autosomal dominat disorder that effects connective tissue
what are the symptoms of marfans syndrome?
long ‘spider’ like fingers
long thin body
dislocated lens of the eyes
weak ligaments of retina or lens
premature death
what is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
autosomal recessive disorder that affects the liver enzymes
what things can PKU lead to if left untreated?
Mental retardation
Microencephaly
Delayed speech
Other signs of impaired neurologic developmen
what is tay-sachs?
autosomal recessive disorder that causes the body to lack a protein that helps break down gangliosides which when built up can lead to nerve cell damage
what is downs syndrome?
extra copy of chromsome 21 (trisomy 21)
what are some symptoms of downs syndrome?
mental retardation
facial abnormalities
short hands and fingers
increase GI infection
increased risk of Alzheimers disease
describe teratogenic agent
Environmental agent that causes abnormalities during embryonic or fetal development
what is fetal alcohol syndrome?
prenatal or postnatal growth retardation
what is angiogenesis?
formation of a new blood vessel
what is the difference between benign and malignant?
benign (non-cancerous tumour with well defined borders, non spreading (normally) and slow growing)
malignant (cancerous tumour that has uneven borders, spreads throughout the body while growing rapidly)
define the following:
adenoma
adenocarcinoma
Carcinoma
Osteoma
Sarcoma
Papilloma
adenoma (benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue)
adenocarcinoma (malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue)
Carcinoma (malignant tumor of epithelial tissue)
Osteoma (benign tumor of bone tissue)
Sarcoma (malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin)
Papilloma (benign microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike projection)
what are carcinogen?
any substance that is capabile of causing cancer
what effects do free radicals have on aging?
wrinkled skin
stiff joints
hardened arteries
what are telomerase?
enzymes found in the DNA and plays are large role on aging as it gets lost in the cells
where do most age related changes of the skin take place?
dermis
what happens when collagen fibers are lost?
begin to decrease in numbers stiffen, break apart, and
disorganize into a shapeless, matted tangle
what happens to the immune response of skin with age?
Decrease in skin’s immune responsiveness
(Langerhans cells decrease in number and macrophages become phagocytes)
what two factors occur with aging and bones?
decrease in bone mass
brittleness
what joint changes occur with aging?
decrease synovial fluid around joints
cartilage becomes thin
wear and tear
OA is common in age
how does the aging population react to vaccines?
less responsive towards them
how does antibodies produce in aging?
more antibodies but no rapid increase with the presence of antigens
what is the difference between anorexia and anorexia nervousa?
anorexia (stravation due to a medial condition)
anorexia nervousa (self starvation)
what is Gastroesophageal reflux?
backwards movement of stomach gastric contents into the espohagus and sometimes the oral cavity
what is the main symptoms of GER?
heart burn (pyrosis)
what is Gastroesophageal reflux disease?
mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus or beyond, into the
oral cavity or the lungs
what is vomitting?
sudden or forceful oral explusion of contents of the stomach
what is a common symptoms proceded by anorexia?
nausea
what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
type 1 ( when the body is unable to produce enough insulin for the bodies need. seen at birth / genetic)
type 2 ( when the body is unable to produce enough insulin for the bodies need. due to diet and poor exercise)
is keotonies seen in type 1 or 2 diabetics?
type 1
when would a diabetic need to take insulin injections?
when they are type one or 20%-30% of type 2s will take insulin
what are the three most common symptoms of diabetes?
polyuria
polyphasia
polydiphisa
what is portal hypertension?
incresed pressure within the portal venous system
what type of nerves cannot regenerate their myalin sheath?
CNS
what is the difference between spasticity and flaccidity?
spasticity (repeattive contraction of muscles)
flaccidity (weakness in muslces or feeling of overstretched muscle)
what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
neurological condition where voluntary motor movement is lost but the indiviuals brain is fully functional
effects UMN and LMN
what are some symptoms of ALS?
fasciculations
weakness
muscle atrophy
hyporeflexia
Muscle cramps
slowly progressive weakness and atrophy in distal muscles of one upper extremity
what is a stroke or brain attack?
acute neurologic deficit from a vascular disorder that injuries brain tissue an interruption of blood flow in the cerebral vessel due to thrombi or emboli OR
to bleeding into the brain tissue
what are the two types of stroke?
ischemic
hemorrhagic
what things can interfer with stroke chances?
Cigarette smoking
Alcohol
Birth control pills in combination with smoking risk
Physical inactivity
Obesity
Illicit drug use