Neuro 1 Flashcards
how many cranial nerves and how many spinal nerves do we have?
12 cranial
31 spinal
what is a bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that live outside the Brian and spinal cord?
nerves
what are the three basic functions of the nervous system?
sensory
integrative
motor
what are the two subdivisions of peripheral nerves?
sensory
motor
is sensory considered afferent or efferent?
afferent (sends signals towards the central nervous system)
what are some examples of somatic senses?
tactile
thermal
pain
proprioceptive
what are some examples of special sense?
smell
taste
vision
hearing
equilibrium
how would you describe somatic motor senses?
voluntary control
how would you describe autonomic motor senses?
involuntary control
what are the three branches of autonomic senses?
sympathetic (fight or flight)
parasympathetic (rest and digest)
enteric (regulation of smooth muscles)
what is electrical excitability?
ability to respond to stimulus and convert into action potential
what is action potential?
electric signal that propagates along the surface of the membrane
what are the three structures to a neuron?
cell body (nucleus)
dendrites (receiving input)
axon (propagates nerve signals)
what is the trigger zone?
junction of axons hillock and initial segments where most nerve impulses arise
what is a ganglion?
cell bodies found outside the CNS
what is the term for cytoplasm of an axon?
axoplasm
what is the term for a plasma membrane of the axon?
axolemma
what are axon terminals ?
fine processes at the end of the axon and collaterals
how long would slow axonal transport take?
do they go in one or two directions?
1-5 mm / day
one direction
how long would fast axonal transport take?
do they go in one or two directions?
200-400 mm / day
two directions
there are three types of structural classifications of neurones
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
which one have several dendrites and one axon?
multipolar
there are three types of structural classifications of neurones
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
which one has one dendrite and one axon?
bipolar
there are three types of structural classifications of neurones
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
which one has dendrite and one axon that are fused together and emerges from the cell body?
unipolar
there are three types of structural classifications of neurones
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
which one is found in the retina, inner ear and olfactory areas of the Brian?
bipolar
there are three types of structural classifications of neurones
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
which are considered sensory?
unipolar
do neuroglia generate action potentials?
what do they do?
no
perform supportive functions
what are the four type of neuroglia in the CNS?
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal
what is the functions of astrocytes? (5 total)
provide strength
help build blood brain barriers
secrete chemicals for growth
help maintain chemical environments
play role in learning and memory
what is the function of oligodendrocytes?
responsible for forming and maintaining myelin sheath around axons
what is the function of microglia?
remove cellular debris formed during normal development and remove damaged nervous tissue
what is the function of ependymal cells?
produce, monitor and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
what are the two types of neuroglia in the PNS?
Schwann
satellite
what is the function of Schwann cells?
help participate axons in regeneration
what is the function of satellite cells?
regulate exchange of material between cell bodies and fluids
what is the myelin sheath?
multilayered lipid and protein covering
what is the function of the myelin sheath?
increases speed of nerve impulse conduct
do Schwann cells undergo neurolemma? (repairing itself after damage)
yes
do oligodendrocyte cells undergo neurolemma? (repairing itself after damage)
no
does white matter or grey matter surrounds the inner core of the other?
white matter surrounds grey matter
what are the two types of electrical signals?
graded potenial
action potenial
which potential is used for communication over a larger distance?
action potenial
what two features of the membrane permits the two potentials graded and action?
existence of membrane potentials
presences of ion channels
which of the following ion channels is described:
randomly opening and closing of gated channels found in all cells
leak channels
which of the following ion channels is described:
open in response to binding of ligand or chemical stimulus. Found on pain receptors
ligand-gated channels
which of the following ion channels is described:
open In response to mechanical stimulus such as touch or pressure.
mechanically gated channels
which of the following ion channels is described:
open in response to voltage stimulus and found on all types of neurons
voltage gated channels
what is the resting membrane potential?
-70 mV
what three things can influence resting membrane potential?
-unequal distribution of ions in extracellular fluids
-inability of most negative ions to leave the cell
-electrogenic nature of NA K pump
is resting membrane more negative inside or outside?
inside
what are the two types of channels present in graded potential?
mechanically gated
ligand gated
which potential (graded or action) will die out after traveling?
graded
what are the two phases of action potential?
depolarizing
repolarizing
what is the all or none principle?
action potential happens completely or not at all
what is the point of threshold?
-55 mV
what can create a local anestheic for a client with present pain? (pg 4 LP 2-3)
ice
what three things effect propagation?
amout of myelination
axon diameter
temperature
what is depolarization?
becoming less negative
what is repolarizaton?
returning to resting membrane potential
what is the refectory period?
a period after an action potential where you cannot regenerate another action poteintal
what is relative refractory period?
period of time where a second action potential can occur but must be very strong to do so
what are the three type of fibres found on nerves ?
a fibers
b fibers
C fibers
which fibre (A, B, C) are:
largest
myelinated
have a refractory period
A
which fibre (A, B, C) are:
2-3 mm in length
myelinated
b
which fibre (A, B, C) are:
smallest
unmyelinated
longest refectory period
c
what type of channels are present in action potential?
voltage gated
match the following terms:
axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonic
axon to cell body
axon to axon
axon to dendrtie
axondendritic = axon to dendrite
axosomatic = axon to cell body
axoaxonic = axon to axon
what is a gap junction?
used for action potential to travel quickly between plasma membranes
how is electrical synapses at more of an advantage then chemical synapses?
faster communication
synchronization (can produce AP in unison if they are connected by gap junction)
what areas of the body would electrical synapses be used in?
cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, developing embryo
do the presynaptic and postsynaptic touch during chemical synapses?
no, they are separated by synaptic clefts
what is presynaptic cells?
nerve cells that carry a nerve impulse towards a synapse
what is a postsynaptic cell?
receive signals
how does communication happen with chemical synapses?
they do not directly communication the same as electrical. they are separated by synaptic clefts which means the presynaptic cells must send out neurotransmitters across the cleft to the postsynaptic cells
is graded or action potential involved with chemical synapses?
graded
what is excitatory postsynaptic potential?
cause depolarization and brings the membrane closer to threshold
what is inhibitory postsynaptic potential?
causes hyperpolarization and becomes more negative and away from threshold
what is spatial summation?
stimuli that occur in different locations of the membrane at the same time
what is temporal summation?
stimuli the occurs in the same location of the membrane at different times
what are the six type of neurotransmitters?
acetycholine
amino acids
biogenic amines
ATP and other purines
nitric oxide
carbon monoxide
what are the two natural body pain killers?
endorphins and dynorphins
what is substance P?
neuropeptides which causes pain signals
what is plasticity?
capability to change based on appearance
can PNS undergo plasticity?
yes
can CNS undergo plasticity?
no
what are the four parts to the brain?
brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum
what two structures protect the brain?
cranium
meninges
what are the three layers of the meninges?
dura mater (outside)
arachnid mater (middle)
pia mater (inside)
what are the two parts to the sure mater (outside layer of meninges)
periosteal (external)
meningeal (internal)
match the follow terms:
falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli
a) separates 2 hemispheres of cerebrum
b) separates 2 hemispheres of cerebellum
c) separates the cerebrum and cerebellum
falx cerebri = a
falx cerebelli = b
tentorium cerebelli = c
what structures deliver and remove blood from the brain?
-internal carotid and vertebral arteries supply the brain
-dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular
what is the function of the blood brain barrier?
allows substances to enter from the blood to the brain tissue and prevents passage of others
what things cannot enter the BBB?
proteins and antibiotic drugs
what things can breakdown the BBB?
trauma
certain toxins
inflammation
what things slowly cross the BBB?
water soluble substances
what things can cross the BBB easily?
O2
CO2
steroids
alcohol
barbiturates
nicotine
caffeine
what is cerebrospinal fluid?
clear, colourless liquid composed of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries
where does cerebrospinal fluid circulate through?
cavities of the brain
spinal cord
around the brain
subarachnoid space
what are the four ventricles of the brain?
lateral (2)
third
fourth
what three ways do CSF contribute to homeostasis?
mechanical protection
chemical protection
circulation
where is CSF produced?
choroid plexus
what are the three parts to the brain stem?
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
what is the medulla oblongata located ?
superior part of spinal cord / lowest part of the brain stem
where would you find the brain pyramids?
medulla oblongata
what does the medulla oblongata consist of?
-regulates heartbeat and blood bessie diameter
-regulate breathing
-vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, hiccups
-sensations of touch, pressure, vibrations, conscious proprioception
-gustation, audition, and equilibrium
what nerves are found in the medulla oblongata?
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
where is the pons located?
middle of the brain stem
what is the pons responsible for?
connects parts of the brain together
regulates breathing
what nerves pass through the pons?
C5
C6
C7
C8
what is the midbrain also known as?
mesencephalon
where is the midbrain located?
closest to the brain
what nerves are in the midbrain?
C3
C4
what is the reticular formation?
broad region where white matter and grey matter exhibit netlike arrangements
what is the ascending portion of the reticular formation?
reticular activating system (RAS)
what is RAS important for?
consciousness
where is the cerebellum found?
inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity
what is the primary function of the cerebellum?
evaluate movements and activities carries them out.
If not carried out, detects discrepancies
how does the volume of CSF remain constant? (what things need to be constant as well)
the rate of formation and reabsorption must equal and constant
where is the diencephalon located?
central core of the brain
what are the three parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
what is the function of the thalamus?
motor functioning by transmitting information from the cerebellum and nasal nuclei to primary motor area of cerebral cortex
relays nerve impulses and helps with consciousness
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
control autonomic nervous system
production of hormones
regulation of eating and drinking
regulation of emotional and behaviour
control body temperature
regulation of circadian rhythms
what is the function of the epithalamus?
holds the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei
what does the pineal gland do?
secretes melatonin which helps regulate circadium rhythms
what does the habenular nuclei do?
invokes the olfaction and emotional responses
what is the role of the circumventricular organs? where are they located?
monitor chemical changes in the blood
found in the third ventricle walls
what is the largest area of the brain?
cerebrum
what functions does the cerebrum do?
read write and speak
make calculations and compose music
remember the past present and plan the future
imagine
what are the folds of the cerebral cortex called?
gyri or convolutions
what are the deepest grooves of the cerebrum called?
fissures
what are the shallow grooves of the cerebrum called?
sulci
what are the most prominent fissures of the cerebrum which divide the two hemispheres called?
longitudinal fissures
what connected the two hemispheres of the cerebrum internally connected by?
corpus callosum
what are the four lobes of the cerebrum?
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
give the term for each of the following:
a) divides the frontal and parietal lobes
b) divides the frontal lobe and temporal lobe
c) contains the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex
d) divides the parties lobe and the occipital lobe
e) contains the somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
a) central sulcus
b) lateral cerebral sulcus
c) precentral gyrus
d) parito occipital sulcus
e) postcentral gyrus
what does the basal nuclei contain?
globus pallidum
putamen
caudate nucleus
which of the structures (globus palladium or putamen) is closer to the thalamus?
globus palladium
which of the structures (globus palladium or putamen) is closer to the cerebral cortex?
putamen
what is referred to as the globus palladium and the putamen as a group?
lentiform nucleus
what is all three structures of the basal nuclei referred to as?
corpus striatum
what does the basal nuclei do?
receives input on motor functions
helps regulate initiation and termination of movements
putamen precedes and anticipates body movements
caudate nuclei helps with eve movement
globus helps maintain muscle tone
contraction of skeletal muscles
what disorder occurs with damage of the basal nuclei?
parkinsins
ocd
schizophrenia
chronic anxiety
what two areas of the brain act together top regulate emotional behaviour?
limbic system
basal nuclei
what is the functions of the limbic system?
ranges of emotions
smell and memory
with the cerebrum contains memory
what area of the sensory area of the cerebrum is considered the map of the entire body involving sensation?
primary somatosensory area or sensory homunculus
what area of the motor cerebrum area is considered the Map of the entire body?
primary motor area or motor homunculus
what are of the cerebrum is known for someone with “broken speech”?
brooks speech area
controls breathing muscles to regulate vocal cords
what side of the brain do most people use for language, planning, and producing speech?
the left
what area of the cerebrum is known for “word salad” when working improperly?
wernickes area
what is the left side of the brain most important for?
reasoning, numerical and scientific kills, spoken, and writing languages
what is the right side of the brain most important for?
muscle and artistic awareness, spatial and pattern perception, recognition of faces and emotional content of language and smell
is lateralization of the hemispheres more pronounced in women or men?
men
what are the four waves of the brain?
alpha
beta
theta
delta
when would alpha waves occur?
when an individual is awake and resting with their eyes closed. they disappear during sleep
when would the beta waves occur?
appear when the nervous system is active
when would the theta waves occur?
occurs in children or adults experiencing emotional stress
when would the delta waves occur?
during sleep in adults or awake in infants. when an adult is awake with delta waves present, this could mean present brain damage
what is the 24 hr sleep awake cycle called?
circadian rhythm
what are the two components of normal sleep?
non rapid eye movement
rapid eye movement
what happens when someone is sleep deprived?
impair attention, learning, and performance
what happens during stage one of the non rapid eye movement stage of sleep?
transition between sleeping and wakefulness
1-7 minutes
doesn’t feel like your sleeping in this phase
what happens during stage two of the non rapid eye movement stage of sleep?
light sleep or true sleep
harder to wake person up
what happens during stage three of the non rapid eye movement stage of sleep?
moderately deep sleep
body temp and BP decreases
20 minutes into sleep
what happens during stage four of the non rapid eye movement stage of sleep?
deepest sleep
sleepwalking can happen
slight decrease of muscle tone
what is the ability to acquire new information or skills through instruction or experience?
learning
what is the process by which information acquired through learning is stored and retrieved ?
memory
what is the process which short term memory is transformed into long term memory?
memory consolidation
what are the three tracts of the white matter?
association
commissural
projection
what way can the RAS be stimulated?
pain
touch
pressure
movement of limbs
bright lights
sound
where does the spinal cord run from?
medulla oblongata to the superior border of the 2nd lumbar vertebra
what two things protect the spinal cord?
vertebral column
meninges
which layer contains blood vessels which supply oxygen and nutrients t the spinal cord?
pia matter
what is the denticulate ligament?
found in the Pia matter
suspends the spinal cord in the middle of the dural sheath
also helps prevent abasing shock
what is the space between the arachnoid and the pia matter called?
subarachnoid space
what is the space between the dura and pia matter called?
subdural space
what are the two enlargements that can be seen from the external spinal cord?
cervical
lumbar
where does the cervical enlargement extend from?
what limbs arise from this area?
C4-T1
upper limbs
where does the lumbar enlargement extend from?
what limbs arise from this area?
T9-T12
lower limbs
what is the filum terminale?
extends and fuses with arachnid matter and dura matter and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
what are rootlets?
smaller bundles of axons connecting to the roots of the spinal cord
what type of roots only contain sensory axons?
posterior or dorsal roots
what is the swelling of the posterior roots called?
ganglions
what type of roots only contain motor axons?
anterior or ventral roots
what are the two grooves that penetrate the spinal cord?
anterior median fissure
posterior median sulcus
what forms the central area of the grey matter and joins the two sides together of the matters?
grey commissure
what is the small space within the grey commissure called?
central canal
what are the clusters of neuronal cell bodies that form a functional group?
nuclei
which of the three horns contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons and as well as incoming sensory neurons?
posterior grey horns
which of the three horns contains somatic motor nuclei?
anterior grey horns
which of the three horns is found between the anterior and posterior grey horns and ONLY found in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments?
lateral grey horns
what ways does the spinal cord maintain homeostasis?
nerve impulse propagation
integration of information
what are the two tracts which send sensory nerve impulses to the spinal cord?
spinothalamic tract
posterior column tract
- gracile fasciculus
- cunate fasiculus
what things convey impulses from the spinothalamic tract?
pain
warmth
coolness
itching
tickling
deep pressure
crude touch
what things convey impulses from the posterior column tract?
discriminative touch
light pressure
vibrations
conscious proprioceptions
what is the endoneurium ?
a wrapping around each individual nerve
what are the bundles of axons which are covered by the endoneurim?
fascicle
what is the fascicle covered In or the middle most layer of the nerve?
perineurium
what layer is the most outer layer that covers entire nerve?
epineurium
what nerves do not enter a plexuses?
what are they known as?
T2 - T12
intercostals or thoracic nerves
what does T2 innervate ?
intercostal muscles
skin of axilla
posterior medial arm
what does T3 - T6 innervate or extend to?
along costal grooves of the ribs and intercostal muscles
the skin of the anterior and lateral chest wall
what does T7 - T12 innervate?
intercostal muscles and abdominal; muscles along with the skin
what innovates the deep back muscles and skin of the posterior aspect of the thorax?
posterior rami
where is the cervical plexus found?
anteiormeidal levator scapula
middle scalene musicales
deep scam
what makes up the phrenic nerve?
C4
