Reproductive system Flashcards
Union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new individual
Fertilization
Reproductive cell (spermatozoon in the male and ovum in the female)
Gamete
Persistent inability to conceive a child
Infertility
Infant from birth to 28 days
neonate
Female reproductive cells (plural of ovum)
Ova
Occurring after childbirth
postpartum
Medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of female reproductive disorders, including conditions affecting the breasts
Gynecology
Physician who specializes in gynecology
Gynecologist
The medical practice of oncology and gynecology
Obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN)
A physician that provides infertility, birth control, and hormone imbalance
OB-GYN physician
The branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth, including the study of the physiological and pathological functions of the female reproductive tract
Obstetrics
The branch of medicine that concentrates on the care of the neonate and in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of neonates
Neonatology
The branch of medicine specializing in treating disorders of the male reproductive system
Urology
A specialist who diagnoses and manages male reproductive dysfunctions
Urologist
Designed specifically to perpetuate the species and pass genetic material from generation to generation
Reproductive system
Includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
Female reproductive system
Includes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, semimal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate, and penis
Male reproductive system
The primary sex organs of the male reproductive system. Produce gametes (sperm) and secrete sex hormones
Gonads (testes)
External organs of the female reproductive system
vulva (genitalia)
amni/o
amnion
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
colp/o; vagin/o
vagina
galact/o; lact/o
milk
gynec/o
woman, female
hyster/o; uter/o
uterus (womb)
mamm/o; mast/o
breast
men/o
menses, menstruation
metr/o
uterus (womb); measure
nat/o
birth
oophor/o; ovari/o
ovary
pernine/o
perineum
salping/o
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)
vulv/o; episi/o
vulva
andr/o
male
balan/o
glans penis
gonad/o
gonads, sex glands
olig/o
scanty
orch/o; orchi/o; orchid/o; test/o
testis (plural, testes)
prostat/o
prostate gland
spermat/o; sperm/i; sperm/o
spermatozoa
varic/o
dilated vein
vas/o
vessel; vas deferens; duct
vesicul/o
seminal vesicle
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
pregnancy
-gravida
pregnant woman
-para
to bear (offspring)
-salpinx
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)
-tocia
childbirth, labor
retro-
backward, behind
Vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida albicans and characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and extreme itching
candidiasis
Inflammation of the uterine cervix, which is usually the result of infection or a sexually transmitted infection
cervicitis
Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity, most commonly in the oviducts (tubal pregnancy)
ectopic pregnancy
Presence of endometrial tissue outside (ectopic) the uterine cavity, such as the pelvis or abdomen
endometriosis
Benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; also called leiomyoma
fibroid
Abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities, such as the rectum and the vagina, or a body cavity to the skin, such as the rectum to the outside of the body, caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation
fistula
Abnormal duct between the bladder and vagina that results in severe urine loss from the vagina
vesicovaginal
Potentially life-threatening condition of high blood pressure; usually develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by edema and proteinuria
gestational hypertension
Nonconvulsive form of gestational hypertension that, if left untreated, may progress to eclampsia
preeclampsia
Convulsive form of gestational hypertension that is a medical emergency and life-threatening to the mother, baby, or both
eclampsia
Inability of a woman to become pregnant or for man to impregnate a woman
sterility
Rare, sometimes fatal, staphylococcal infection that generally occurs in menstruating women, most of whom use vaginal tampons
toxic-shock syndrome (TSS)
Congenital absence of one or both testes; also called anorchia
anorchism
Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis caused by irritation and invasion of microorganisms and commonly associated with inadequate hygiene of the prepuce and phimosis
balanitis
Gradual enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs as a man ages and is common in men older than age 60
benign prostatic hyperplasia
Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum
cryptorchidism
Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip
epispadias
Congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis instead of the tip
hypospadias
Inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection; also called erectile dysfunction
impotence
Stenosis or narrowing of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis
phimosis
Any disease affecting the male of female reproductive system that is acquired as a result of sexual intercourse or other intimate contact with an infected individual; also called venereal disease
sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
One of the most damaging STIs caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, causing cervicitis in women and urethitis in men
chlamydia
Wart(s) in the genitalia caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and possibly associated with cervical cancer in women
genital warts
Contagious STI caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae and most commonly affecting the genitourinary tract and occasionally the pharynx or rectum
gonorrhea
Infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 of the male or female genital and anorectal skin and mucosa that may be transmitted through the placenta to the fetus during delivery
herpes genitalis
Infectious, chronic STI characterized by a skin lesion (chancre) typically on the genitals, rectum, or mouth, which may cause long-term complications, including death if left untreated
syphilis
Protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra, or prostate and the most common STI affecting men and women, although symptoms are more common in women
trichomoniasis
Examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)
colposcopy
Radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium
hysterosalpingography
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus
laparoscopy
Radiography of the breasts used to diagnose benign and malignant tumors
mammography
Microscopic analysis of a small tissue sample obtained from the cervix and vagina using a swab to detect carcinoma
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
Examination of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and the rectum
digital rectal examination (DRE)
Blood test used to screen for prostate cancer in which elevated levels of PSA are associated with prostate enlargement and cancer
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
An ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum to obtain an image of the prostate gland and collect multiple needle biopsy specimens of the prostate gland tissues where abnormalities are detected
transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and biopsy of the prostate
Obstetric procedure in which a nonabsorbable suture is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneous abortion in a woman who has an incompetent cervix
cerclage
Surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal of the uterus (dilation) so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped (curettage) to stop prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding, diagnose uterine abnormalities, and obtain tissue from microscopic examination
Dilation and curettage (D&C)
Surgical removal of the uterus, a fallopian tube, and an ovary
hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
Excision of a small primary breast tumor (“lump”) and some the normal tissue that surrounds it
lumpectomy
Complete or partial excision of one or both breasts, most commonly performed to remove a malignant tumor
mastectomy
Mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection)
modified radical
Mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast
radical
Mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin; also called simple mastectomy
total
Reconstruction of a breast that has been removed because of cancer or other disease; commonly possible immediately after mastectomy so that the patient awakens from anesthesia with a breast mound already in place
reconstructive breast surgery
Common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is replaced with a more permanent implant
tissue (skin) expansion
Surgical creation of a skin flap (using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen), which is passed under the skin to the breast area, shaped into a natural-looking breast, and sutured into place
transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap
Sterilization procedure that involves blocking both fallopian tubes by cutting or burning them and tying them off
tubal ligation
Surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce of the penis; usually performed on a male infant
circumcision
Surgical procedure to relieve obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (excessive overgrowth of normal tissue) by insertion of a resectoscope into the penis and through the urethra to “chip away” at prostatic tissue and flush out chips using an irrigating solution
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
Treat vaginal fungal infection, such as candidiasis
antifungals
Treat symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, vaginal dryness) through hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
estrogens
Synthetic hormone used to correct a deficiency of estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, or testosterone hormone; relieve symptoms of menopause; and prevent osteoporosis in women
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Prevent ovulation to avoid pregnancy; also known as birth control pills
oral contraceptives (OCPs)
Hormonal preparation used to increase sperm count in cases of infertility
gonadotropins
Method of birth control; destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus
spermicides
Used in prenatal diagnosis of abnormalities and fetal infections. Involves a surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to remove amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells
Amniocentesis (amniotic fluid test)
Urologist makes an incision through the scrotal sac with the patient under local anesthesia
vasectomy
Urologist performs vasectomy reversal when a man wants to regain his fertility
vasovasostomy
