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Medical Terminology > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new individual

A

Fertilization

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2
Q

Reproductive cell (spermatozoon in the male and ovum in the female)

A

Gamete

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3
Q

Persistent inability to conceive a child

A

Infertility

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4
Q

Infant from birth to 28 days

A

neonate

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5
Q

Female reproductive cells (plural of ovum)

A

Ova

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6
Q

Occurring after childbirth

A

postpartum

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7
Q

Medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of female reproductive disorders, including conditions affecting the breasts

A

Gynecology

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8
Q

Physician who specializes in gynecology

A

Gynecologist

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9
Q

The medical practice of oncology and gynecology

A

Obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN)

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10
Q

A physician that provides infertility, birth control, and hormone imbalance

A

OB-GYN physician

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11
Q

The branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth, including the study of the physiological and pathological functions of the female reproductive tract

A

Obstetrics

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12
Q

The branch of medicine that concentrates on the care of the neonate and in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of neonates

A

Neonatology

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13
Q

The branch of medicine specializing in treating disorders of the male reproductive system

A

Urology

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14
Q

A specialist who diagnoses and manages male reproductive dysfunctions

A

Urologist

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15
Q

Designed specifically to perpetuate the species and pass genetic material from generation to generation

A

Reproductive system

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16
Q

Includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva

A

Female reproductive system

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17
Q

Includes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, semimal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate, and penis

A

Male reproductive system

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18
Q

The primary sex organs of the male reproductive system. Produce gametes (sperm) and secrete sex hormones

A

Gonads (testes)

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19
Q

External organs of the female reproductive system

A

vulva (genitalia)

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20
Q

amni/o

A

amnion

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21
Q

cervic/o

A

neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)

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22
Q

colp/o; vagin/o

A

vagina

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23
Q

galact/o; lact/o

A

milk

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24
Q

gynec/o

A

woman, female

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25
Q

hyster/o; uter/o

A

uterus (womb)

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26
Q

mamm/o; mast/o

A

breast

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27
Q

men/o

A

menses, menstruation

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28
Q

metr/o

A

uterus (womb); measure

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29
Q

nat/o

A

birth

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30
Q

oophor/o; ovari/o

A

ovary

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31
Q

pernine/o

A

perineum

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32
Q

salping/o

A

tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

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33
Q

vulv/o; episi/o

A

vulva

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34
Q

andr/o

A

male

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35
Q

balan/o

A

glans penis

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36
Q

gonad/o

A

gonads, sex glands

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37
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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38
Q

orch/o; orchi/o; orchid/o; test/o

A

testis (plural, testes)

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39
Q

prostat/o

A

prostate gland

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40
Q

spermat/o; sperm/i; sperm/o

A

spermatozoa

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41
Q

varic/o

A

dilated vein

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42
Q

vas/o

A

vessel; vas deferens; duct

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43
Q

vesicul/o

A

seminal vesicle

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44
Q

-arche

A

beginning

45
Q

-cyesis

A

pregnancy

46
Q

-gravida

A

pregnant woman

47
Q

-para

A

to bear (offspring)

48
Q

-salpinx

A

tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

49
Q

-tocia

A

childbirth, labor

50
Q

retro-

A

backward, behind

51
Q

Vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida albicans and characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and extreme itching

A

candidiasis

52
Q

Inflammation of the uterine cervix, which is usually the result of infection or a sexually transmitted infection

A

cervicitis

53
Q

Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity, most commonly in the oviducts (tubal pregnancy)

A

ectopic pregnancy

54
Q

Presence of endometrial tissue outside (ectopic) the uterine cavity, such as the pelvis or abdomen

A

endometriosis

55
Q

Benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; also called leiomyoma

A

fibroid

56
Q

Abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities, such as the rectum and the vagina, or a body cavity to the skin, such as the rectum to the outside of the body, caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation

A

fistula

57
Q

Abnormal duct between the bladder and vagina that results in severe urine loss from the vagina

A

vesicovaginal

58
Q

Potentially life-threatening condition of high blood pressure; usually develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by edema and proteinuria

A

gestational hypertension

59
Q

Nonconvulsive form of gestational hypertension that, if left untreated, may progress to eclampsia

A

preeclampsia

60
Q

Convulsive form of gestational hypertension that is a medical emergency and life-threatening to the mother, baby, or both

A

eclampsia

61
Q

Inability of a woman to become pregnant or for man to impregnate a woman

A

sterility

62
Q

Rare, sometimes fatal, staphylococcal infection that generally occurs in menstruating women, most of whom use vaginal tampons

A

toxic-shock syndrome (TSS)

63
Q

Congenital absence of one or both testes; also called anorchia

A

anorchism

64
Q

Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis caused by irritation and invasion of microorganisms and commonly associated with inadequate hygiene of the prepuce and phimosis

A

balanitis

65
Q

Gradual enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs as a man ages and is common in men older than age 60

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

66
Q

Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum

A

cryptorchidism

67
Q

Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip

A

epispadias

68
Q

Congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis instead of the tip

A

hypospadias

69
Q

Inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection; also called erectile dysfunction

A

impotence

70
Q

Stenosis or narrowing of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis

A

phimosis

71
Q

Any disease affecting the male of female reproductive system that is acquired as a result of sexual intercourse or other intimate contact with an infected individual; also called venereal disease

A

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

72
Q

One of the most damaging STIs caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, causing cervicitis in women and urethitis in men

A

chlamydia

73
Q

Wart(s) in the genitalia caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and possibly associated with cervical cancer in women

A

genital warts

74
Q

Contagious STI caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae and most commonly affecting the genitourinary tract and occasionally the pharynx or rectum

A

gonorrhea

75
Q

Infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 of the male or female genital and anorectal skin and mucosa that may be transmitted through the placenta to the fetus during delivery

A

herpes genitalis

76
Q

Infectious, chronic STI characterized by a skin lesion (chancre) typically on the genitals, rectum, or mouth, which may cause long-term complications, including death if left untreated

A

syphilis

77
Q

Protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra, or prostate and the most common STI affecting men and women, although symptoms are more common in women

A

trichomoniasis

78
Q

Examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)

A

colposcopy

79
Q

Radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium

A

hysterosalpingography

80
Q

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus

A

laparoscopy

81
Q

Radiography of the breasts used to diagnose benign and malignant tumors

A

mammography

82
Q

Microscopic analysis of a small tissue sample obtained from the cervix and vagina using a swab to detect carcinoma

A

Papanicolaou (Pap) test

83
Q

Examination of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and the rectum

A

digital rectal examination (DRE)

84
Q

Blood test used to screen for prostate cancer in which elevated levels of PSA are associated with prostate enlargement and cancer

A

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test

85
Q

An ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum to obtain an image of the prostate gland and collect multiple needle biopsy specimens of the prostate gland tissues where abnormalities are detected

A

transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and biopsy of the prostate

86
Q

Obstetric procedure in which a nonabsorbable suture is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneous abortion in a woman who has an incompetent cervix

A

cerclage

87
Q

Surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal of the uterus (dilation) so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped (curettage) to stop prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding, diagnose uterine abnormalities, and obtain tissue from microscopic examination

A

Dilation and curettage (D&C)

88
Q

Surgical removal of the uterus, a fallopian tube, and an ovary

A

hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy

89
Q

Excision of a small primary breast tumor (“lump”) and some the normal tissue that surrounds it

A

lumpectomy

90
Q

Complete or partial excision of one or both breasts, most commonly performed to remove a malignant tumor

A

mastectomy

91
Q

Mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection)

A

modified radical

92
Q

Mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast

A

radical

93
Q

Mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin; also called simple mastectomy

A

total

94
Q

Reconstruction of a breast that has been removed because of cancer or other disease; commonly possible immediately after mastectomy so that the patient awakens from anesthesia with a breast mound already in place

A

reconstructive breast surgery

95
Q

Common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is replaced with a more permanent implant

A

tissue (skin) expansion

96
Q

Surgical creation of a skin flap (using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen), which is passed under the skin to the breast area, shaped into a natural-looking breast, and sutured into place

A

transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap

97
Q

Sterilization procedure that involves blocking both fallopian tubes by cutting or burning them and tying them off

A

tubal ligation

98
Q

Surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce of the penis; usually performed on a male infant

A

circumcision

99
Q

Surgical procedure to relieve obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (excessive overgrowth of normal tissue) by insertion of a resectoscope into the penis and through the urethra to “chip away” at prostatic tissue and flush out chips using an irrigating solution

A

transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

100
Q

Treat vaginal fungal infection, such as candidiasis

A

antifungals

101
Q

Treat symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, vaginal dryness) through hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

estrogens

102
Q

Synthetic hormone used to correct a deficiency of estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, or testosterone hormone; relieve symptoms of menopause; and prevent osteoporosis in women

A

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

103
Q

Prevent ovulation to avoid pregnancy; also known as birth control pills

A

oral contraceptives (OCPs)

104
Q

Hormonal preparation used to increase sperm count in cases of infertility

A

gonadotropins

105
Q

Method of birth control; destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus

A

spermicides

106
Q

Used in prenatal diagnosis of abnormalities and fetal infections. Involves a surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to remove amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells

A

Amniocentesis (amniotic fluid test)

107
Q

Urologist makes an incision through the scrotal sac with the patient under local anesthesia

A

vasectomy

108
Q

Urologist performs vasectomy reversal when a man wants to regain his fertility

A

vasovasostomy

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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