Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Process of thought- including reasoning, judgment, and perception

A

Cognition

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2
Q

Electrical signal transmitted along the nerve fiber in response to a stimulus

A

nerve impulse

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3
Q

Chemicals in the brain that transmit messages between nerve cells (neuron)

A

neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ or structure or occurring away from its center

A

peripheral

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5
Q

Caused by or pertaining to an injury

A

traumatic

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6
Q

Pertaining to or composed of blood vessels

A

vascular

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7
Q

The branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system

A

Neurology

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8
Q

Includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

A

nervous system

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9
Q

Detects, diagnoses, and treats symptoms and disorders that indicate an impairment of any of these functions

A

Neurologist

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10
Q

The branch of surgery involving the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord

A

Neurosurgery

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11
Q

The physician who specializes in neurosurgery

A

Neurosurgeon

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12
Q

Two main divisions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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13
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord and is the control center of the body

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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14
Q

Consists of the peripheral nerves, which include the cranial nerves (emerging from the base of the skull) and the spinal nerves (emerging from the spinal cord)

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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15
Q

The two principal types of cells in the nervous system

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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16
Q

The basic structural and functional units of the nervous system that carry electrical messages throughout the body

A

Neurons

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17
Q

Assist in transmitting messages between neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

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18
Q

Perform the functions of support and protection. Some form a supporting network by twining around nerve cells or lining certain structures in the brain and spinal cord. Others bind nervous tissue to supporting structures and attach the neurons to their blood vessels.

A

Neuroglia

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19
Q

Cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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20
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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21
Q

gli/o

A

glue, neuroglial tissue

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22
Q

mening/o; meningi/o

A

meniges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

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23
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

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24
Q

neuro/o

A

nerve

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25
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

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26
Q

-phasia

A

speech

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27
Q

dys-

A

bad, painful, difficult

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28
Q

hemi-

A

one half

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29
Q

para-

A

near; beside; beyond

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30
Q

quadri-

A

four

31
Q

Degenerative disorder that manifests in adulthood with symptoms of difficulty in swallowing and talking, dyspnea, muscle weakness, and paralysis; also called Lou Gehrig disease (named after the baseball player who became afflicted with ALS)

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

32
Q

Progressive, irreversible deterioration of mental function marked by memory impairment and, commonly, deficits in reasoning, judgement, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language

A

dementia

33
Q

Chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic “plaques,” which results in dementia that progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning and personality changes

A

Alzheimer disease

34
Q

Disorder that results from the generation of electrical signals inside the brain, causing recurring seizures in which some people simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, whereas others have extreme convulsions

A

epilepsy

35
Q

Inherited, degenerative disease of the CNS with symptoms developing in middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste away, resulting in uncontrolled bizarre movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration

A

Huntington chorea

36
Q

Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain that is most common in neonates, but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease; if left untreated, causes an enlarged head and cognitive decline

A

hydrocephalus

37
Q

Progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscular symptoms

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

38
Q

Malignant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblasts that occurs most commonly in infants and children

A

neuroblastoma

39
Q

Nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

A

neurosis

40
Q

Partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis

A

palsy

41
Q

Facial paralysis on one side of the face as a result of inflammation of a facial nerve

A

Bell

42
Q

Bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary

A

cerebral

43
Q

Loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injury

A

paralysis

44
Q

Progressive neurological disorder caused by a neurotransmitter deficiency (dopamine) that affects the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement and results in hand tremors, uncontrollable head nodding; shuffling gait; and difficulty talking, swallowing, or completing simple tasks

A

Parkinson disease

45
Q

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

A

poliomyelitis

46
Q

Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; often with delusions and hallucinations

A

psychosis

47
Q

Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot

A

sciatica

48
Q

Chronic viral disease in which painful blisters appear on the skin along the course of a peripheral nerve that is caused by inflammation secondary to herpes zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox; also called herbs zoster

A

shingles

49
Q

Congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

A

spina bifida

50
Q

Most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

A

spina bifida occulta

51
Q

Most severe type of spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele)

A

spina bifida cystica

52
Q

Inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the brain due to a clot or ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), which allows brain tissue to die and becomes a medical emergency; also called cerebrovascular accident

A

stroke

53
Q

Interruption in blood supply to the brain that does not cause permanent brain damage but may be an indication of a higher risk of a more serious and debilitating condition (stroke); also called ministroke

A

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

54
Q

Laboratory test that examines a sample of CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture, which is analyzed for the presence of blood, bacteria, and malignant cells as well as for the amount of protein and glucose present

A

cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF)

55
Q

Electrodes are placed on the scalp to record electrical activity within the brain; used to evaluate seizure and sleep disorders, and periods of unconsciousness, monitor brain surgeries, and determine whether a person is in a coma or brain dead

A

electroencephalography

56
Q

Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to withdraw a sample of CSF used for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological laboratory analysis; also called spinal tap or spinal puncture

A

lumbar puncture

57
Q

Surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures

A

craniotomy

58
Q

Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain

A

thalamotomy

59
Q

Excision of a circular disk of bone using a specialized saw called a trephine to reveal brain tissue during neurosurgery, or to relieve intracranial pressure (ICP)

A

trephination

60
Q

Produce partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness

A

anesthetics

61
Q

Produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness

A

general

62
Q

Produce loss of feeling and affects a local area only

A

local

63
Q

Prevent or control seizures

A

anticonvulsants

64
Q

Reduce signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease

A

antiparkinsonian agents

65
Q

Alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of delusions and hallucinations

A

antipsychotics

66
Q

Dissolve blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis

A

thrombolytics

67
Q

A neuropathic pain syndrome that involves the facial area stimulated by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). Results in flashes of pain radiating along the course of the nerve and is the most common cause of facial pain

A

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN)

68
Q

Creates a lesion on the nerve to block the pain signals

A

Gamma Knife

69
Q

Severe injuries to the spinal cord that result in impairment of spinal cord function below the level of injury

A

Vertebral fractures

70
Q

Result of trauma caused by motor vehicle accidents, fall, diving in shallow water, or accidents associated with contact sports

A

Spinal cord injuries

71
Q

Paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs

A

paraplegia

72
Q

Paralysis of all four extremities and, usually, the trunk

A

quadriplegia

73
Q

Increased muscular tension and hyperactive reflexes

A

spastic

74
Q

Loss of reflexes of tone

A

flaccid