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Medical Terminology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Ability of the body to maintain a state of equilibrium within its internal environment, regardless of changing conditions in the outside environment

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

Chemical substance produced by specialized cells of the body that works slowly and affects many different processes, including growth and development, sexual function, mood, and metabolism

A

hormone

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3
Q

Sum of all chemical and physical processes occurring within living cells

A

metabolism

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4
Q

The branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of hormone imbalances and diseases that affect the endocrine glands

A

Endocrinology

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5
Q

Conduct basic research to learn the ways glands work and clinical research to learn the best methods to treat patients with a hormone imbalance

A

Endocrinologist

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6
Q

Consists of a network of ductless glands with a rich blood supply that enables the hormones (chemical imbalances) they produce to enter the bloodstream. It is instrumental in regulating mood, body growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism.

A

Endocrine system

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7
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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8
Q

adrenal/o; adren/o

A

adrenal glands

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9
Q

calc/o

A

calcium

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10
Q

gluc/o; glyc/o

A

sugar, sweetness

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11
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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12
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

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13
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland

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14
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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15
Q

thyr/o; thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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16
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

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17
Q

-crine

A

to secrete

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18
Q

-ism

A

condition

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19
Q

-toxic

A

poison

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20
Q

hyper-

A

excessive, above normal

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21
Q

poly-

A

many, much

22
Q

Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex that results in generalized malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, severe loss of fluids and electrolytes, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia, and hyperpigmentation of the skin

A

Addison disease

23
Q

Cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of cortisol (glucocorticoid) or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) circulating in the blood; may be due to the use of oral corticosteroid medication or by tumors that produce cortisol or ACTH

A

Cushing syndrome

24
Q

Group of metabolic diseases characterized by high glucose levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both and that occur in two primary forms: type 1 and type 2

A

diabetes mellitus (DM)

25
Q

Abrupt onset of DM, usually in childhood, caused by destruction of beta islet cells of the pancreas with complete deficiency of insulin secretion

A

Type 1 diabetes

26
Q

Gradual onset of DM, usually appearing in middle age and caused by a deficiency in production of insulin or a resistance to the action of insulin or a resistance to the action of insulin by the cells of the body

A

Type 2 diabetes

27
Q

Tumor of the islets of Lanferhans in the pancreas

A

insulinoma

28
Q

Inflammation of the pancreas that occurs when pancreatic enzymes that digest food are activated in the pancreas instead of the duodenum and attack pancreatic tissue, causing damage to the gland; most commonly caused by alcoholism and biliary tract disease

A

pancreatitis

29
Q

Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

A

panhypopituitarism

30
Q

Rare adrenal gland tumor that causes excessive release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure) and induces severe blood pressure elevation

A

pheochromocytoma

31
Q

Test that measures glucose levels in the blood after the patient has fasted (not eaten) for at least 8 hours; used to diagnose pancreatic disorders, such as diabetes and hypoglycemia; also called fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

fasting blood glucose

32
Q

Test in which a patient fasts for 8 to 12 hours and then ingest glucose, and blood samples are taken to determine how quickly the glucose is cleared from the blood; used to diagnose diabetes with higher accuracy than other blood glucose tests; also called oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

A

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

33
Q

Imaging procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thyroid after oral or intravenous administration of radioactive iodine; used to determine thyroid function by monitoring the ability of the thyroid to take up (uptake) iodine from the blood

A

radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)

34
Q

Blood test that measure thyroid hormone levels to detect an increase or decrease in thyroid function

A

thyroid function test (TFT)

35
Q

Blood test that measures calcium to detect parathyroid and bone disorders

A

total calcium

36
Q

Removal of one lobe in treatment of endocrine disease such as hyperthyroidism

A

lobectomy

37
Q

Excision of the thymus gland in cases of myasthenia gravis or a tumor

A

thymectomy

38
Q

Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery that removes pituitary tumors through the nasal cavity via the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal) without affecting the brain

A

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

39
Q

Synthetic hormone used to correct a deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, or testosterone hormone; relieve symptoms of menopause; and prevent osteoporosis in women

A

hormone replacement

40
Q

Replace insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes or severe type 2diabetes

A

insulins

41
Q

Treat type 2 diabetes by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin or lower glucose levels in the blood

A

oral antidiabetics

42
Q

Thyroid hormone deficiency

A

hypothyroidism

43
Q

Overproduction of the thyroid hormone

A

hyperthyroidism

44
Q

Inflammation and enlargement of the thyroid

A

thyromegaly

45
Q

A form of hypothyroidism that develops in infants. If not treated, this disorder leads to mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperatures, and abnormal bone formation

A

Cretinism

46
Q

Characterized by edema, low blood levels of thyroid hormones, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle or joint pain, and sluggishness

A

Myxedema

47
Q

The most common form of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disease that increases production of thyroid hormones, enlarges the thyroid gland (goiter), and causes multiple system changes. Characterized by an elevated metabolic rate, abnormal weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscle weakness, and emotional instability. Also, the eyes are likely to protrude (exophthalmos) because of edematous swelling in the tissues behind them.

A

Graves disease

48
Q

Synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and its responsible for normal growth of bones, cartilage, and soft tissue

A

Growth hormone

49
Q

A deficiency or absence of GH (hyposecretion) during childhood slows bone growth and results in underdevelopment of the body (hypopituitarism)

A

Pituitary dwarfism

50
Q

Excessive secretion of GH (hypersecretion) during childhood causes an abnormal increase in the length of long bones and results in a disorder known as ______

A

Giantism

51
Q

When hypersecretion of GH occurs after puberty, an overgrowth of the bones of the face, hands, and feet results in a disorder known as ______

A

Acromegaly

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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