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M.Phil. Preparatory Flashcards > Reproductive sys2 > Flashcards

Reproductive sys2 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s Vulva?

A

Female external genitalia

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2
Q

What is scrotum?

A

Sac beneath the penis containing the testes

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3
Q

What is parturition?

A

Child birth

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4
Q

What components make up the vulva?

A

Clitoris, vaginal orifice, labia majora and minora, vestibular glands

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5
Q

Name the vestibular glands of vulva?

A

Bartholin’s glands

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6
Q

What is the function of labia majora and minora?

A

lubrication (Bartholin’s gland) and clitoris covering respectively

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7
Q

What is the function of perineum?

A

Sexual + excretory functions + attachment to the pelvic floor

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8
Q

What is the hymen?

A

A thin layer of mucous membrane that blocks the vagina

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9
Q

What are the three layers of vagina?

A

Areolar (outer), smooth muscle (middle), and stratified squamous (inner)

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10
Q

What bacteria lowers the PH of vaginal surface, preventing growth of other bacteria?

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

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11
Q

What artery nourishes the vagina?

A

Branches from iliac artery, veins and glands

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12
Q

What’s the location of uterus?

A

Anteroposteriorly in the pelvic cavity between the bladder and rectum

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13
Q

What are the three parts of uterus

A

Fundus, body, and cervix

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14
Q

What are the layers of uterus?

A

Perimetrium (outer layer), myometrium (middle), and endometrium (inner)

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15
Q

What uterus layer provides nourishment?

A

Myometrium contains nerve and blood vessels

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16
Q

What uterus layer secretes mucous?

A

Endometrium contains mucous secreting columnar epithelial cells

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17
Q

What are the name of the ligaments, which support the uterus?

A

Broad, round, uterosacral, transverse (cardinal) ligaments

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18
Q

What is fimbriae?

A

Finger like projection at the ends of fallopian tube with ovarian fimbriae as the longest

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19
Q

What is another name for uterine tube?

A

Fallopian tube

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20
Q

What two important processes propel the ovum to the uterus?

A

Peristalsis and ciliary movement

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21
Q

At what location does fertilization takes place?

A

Fallopian tube and then the zygote is implanted in the endometrium of uterus for further growth and development

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22
Q

What is the function of mesovarium?

A

Tissue connecting the uterine tube to the broad ligament.

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23
Q

What tissue provides the pathway for nerves and blood vessels to the ovaries?

A

Mesovarium

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24
Q

What are the two layers of ovaries?

A

Cortex and medulla

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25
Q

Which layer of ovaries contain blood vessels and nerves?

A

Medulla

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26
Q

Which layer of ovaries contain the ovarian follicles?

A

Cortex

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27
Q

What regulates the ovarian cortex?

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

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28
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Proliferation of breast glandular tissue during lactation and subsequent recession

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29
Q

What is the function of these two? Breast lobes and laciferous ducts

A

Milk production and milk delivery to the nipples respectively

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30
Q

What are Montgomery’s tubercles?

A

Glands lubricating the nipples during lactation

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31
Q

What’s the dark area surrounding the nipples?

A

Areola

32
Q

What are the arteries supplying blood to the breasts?

A

Axillary, intercoastal, and internal mammary

33
Q

What forms the venous drainage in breasts?

A

Anastomotic circle around the base of the nipples

34
Q

What are the drainage veins of breasts?

A

Axillary and mammary veins

35
Q

What supplies nerves to the breasts?

A

4th, 5th, and 6th thoracic nerves

36
Q

What is the equivalent of female ovaries in male?

A

Testes

37
Q

What are the three layers of testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, tunica vasculosa

38
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

Loops of germinal epithelial cells

39
Q

Where are interstitial cells of Leydig located?

A

Seminiferous tubules

40
Q

Where is sperm stored?

A

Epididymis

41
Q

What nourishes and suspends the testes in the scrotum?

A

Spermatic cord

42
Q

What forms the common ejaculatory duct?

A

Seminal vesicle combines with deferent duct (delivers sperms from epididymis for ejaculation)

43
Q

What is 60% of semen?

A

Seminal fluid

44
Q

What is the pathways of ejaculation

A

ISC-Epididymis-deferent duct- S+D-prostatic urethra-urethra

45
Q

What’s the location of prostate glands?

A

Below the urinary bladder

46
Q

What makes 30% of the semen?

A

Prostate secretion

47
Q

What is the fate of sperms, if they’re not used?

A

Epididymis reabsorbs them

48
Q

How many sperms are released at ejaculation?

A

Approximately 100 million spermatozoa per mL

49
Q

What are the important events of menstrual cycle?

A

1-14 days (FSH-follicle growth), estrogen (endometrium thickening)

14days (LH production and ovum release), corpus leutum formation and progesterone production

At 28 days the ovum is in the endometrium and if no fertilization has occurred then it will lead to menstruation.

50
Q

How does erection takes place?

A

Sinuses within the penis shaft tissue are filled with blood

51
Q

What are two important muscles of scrotum?

A

Cremaster (pulls closer to the body) and dartos muscle (gives it wrinkle appearance)

52
Q

What is the function of each of these? Seminiferous tubule, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells?

A

Spermatogenesis, sperm nutrition, and testosterone secretion

53
Q

What are the four important stages of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonia (43), primary spermatocyte (23), spermatids (23), and spermatozoa (23)

54
Q

What are the two important hormones of male reproductive cycle and what’s their role?

A

FSH -> Sertoli cell stimulation and spermatogenesis

LH -> Leydig cell development at puberty

55
Q

What is the covering of sperm nucleus?

A

Acrosome (contains enzyme)

56
Q

What does epididymis forms?

A

Rete testis and vas deferens

57
Q

What is another name for spermatic duct?

A

Vas deferens

58
Q

What are the three important glands of the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal vesicle, prostate glands, and bulbourethral glands

59
Q

What is another name for bulbourethral glands?

A

Cowper gland

60
Q

What is the role of seminal vesicle?

A

Produces yellowish fluid rich in fructose necessary for sperm motility

61
Q

What is the role of prostate glands?

A

Production of fluid mixture with proteolytic enzymes. This mixture mixes with the sperm coming with the seminal fluid, and mixing Ca2+

62
Q

What is the mixing of ca2+ to the seminal fluid known as?

A

Profibrinolysin

63
Q

What are other additional contents of the prostate gland?

A

Citric acid, prostate specific antigen, and proteolytic enzymes

64
Q

Acid phosphatase is present in?

A

Prostate secretion

65
Q

What is a biomarker of prostate cancer?

A

Elevated levels of acid phosphatase

66
Q

What is the function of Cowper’s glands?

A

Secrets mucous into the urethra

67
Q

How many days does it takes a sperm to mature?

A

74 days

68
Q

What part of the ovum does the sperm enters?

A

Zona pellucida of ovum by side by side jerks

69
Q

What is the mass of the cell called when a sperm fertilizes the ovum?

A

Morula

70
Q

What is azoospermia?

A

Absence of sperms in the semen

71
Q

What is the chemical nature of semen?

A

Alkaline in nature, contains sorbitol, fructose, lipids, phosphatase, prostaglandins, spermine acid, and phosphate/bicarbonate buffers

72
Q

What is the color of semen?

A

Opalescent whitish grayish

73
Q

What is the role of prostaglandin for sperms?

A

Helps them to move into the fallopian tube

74
Q

Why does human semen coagulates immediately after ejaculation?

A

Due to conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

75
Q

What is the function of the enzyme fibrinolysin?

A

To liquify semen

M.Phil. Preparatory Flashcards (22 decks)

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