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M.Phil. Preparatory Flashcards > Endocrine system2 > Flashcards

Endocrine system2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of hormones in the body?

A

Steroid and peptide based hormones

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2
Q

Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and pituitary hormones are example of?

A

Peptide hormones

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3
Q

Prostaglandin, sex hormone thyroxin and calcitonin are examples of?

A

Steroid based hormones

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4
Q

What are the two important effects of hydrophilic hormones?

A

Hydrophilic hormones or peptide based hormones have ionotropic and metabotropic effects

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5
Q

What is the permissive effect of hormones?

A

When one hormone is required to enhance the effect of other hormone.

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6
Q

The relationship between Glucagon and insulin is?

A

Antagonistic

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7
Q

The relationship between Testosterone and FSH is?

A

Synergistic

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8
Q

The relationship between prolactin and oxytocin is?

A

Synergistic

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9
Q

The relationship between estrogen and progesterone is?

A

Permissive

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10
Q

The relationship between cortisol and norepinephrine is?

A

Permissive

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11
Q

Why are steroid hormones much slower in action than peptide hormones?

A

Because they trespass the plasma membrane and induce transcription whereas peptide hormones have a ready-made mechanism of action and a lot faster.

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12
Q

What is the main difference between secondary and primary endocrine systems?

A

Primary are only specialized at hormones’ secretion whereas secondary organs have other vital functions too.

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13
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Epithalamus of diencephalon of the brain

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14
Q

What are the two hormones of pineal gland?

A

Melatonin and dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

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15
Q

Which hormone regulates circadian rhythm?

A

Melatonin

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16
Q

What is the relationship between melatonin and serotonin?

A

Inverse

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17
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

The natural 24hr clock of alertness and drowsiness within living systems

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18
Q

What is the central regulator of circadian rhythm?

A

SCN or suprachiasmatic nucleus

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19
Q

What is the importance of DMT?

A

Hallucinogen

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20
Q

What are the two regions of pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary gland.

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21
Q

What is another name for pituitary glands two regions?

A

Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis

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22
Q

What is the main difference between anterior and posterior region of pituitary gland?

A

Anterior makes its own hormones whereas, posterior is under nerve control and usually stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus

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23
Q

What is a infundibulum?

A

The neck part between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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24
Q

What are the two important hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH and oxytocin

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25
Q

What is the functional role of oxytocin?

A

Uterus contraction and milk production

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26
Q

What is the functional role of antidiuretic hormone or ADH?

A

Also known as vasopressin, main functional role is to conserve water in state of dehydration.

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27
Q

What is the relationship between anterior pituitary hormone and hypothalamus?

A

APG stores the release/inhibitory hormones of hypothalamus

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28
Q

What are the inhibitory hormones of hypothalamus?

A

GHIH and Prolactin

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29
Q

What are some of the release hormones of the hypothalamus?

A

CRH, GHRH, PRH, TRH, GnRH

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30
Q

FSH and LH hormones are released from the APG by which hormone?

A

GnRH

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31
Q

What are the four tropic hormones of APG?

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, and FSH

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32
Q

What are the 3 other non-tropic hormones of APG?

A

LH, prolactin, and beta endorphin

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33
Q

What is the role of ICSH (Interstitial cell stimulating hormone) and FSH in males?

A

Sperm production

34
Q

What hormone causes ovulation in females?

A

LH

35
Q

What is the effect of Prolactin hormone in male or female?

A

In female it promotes mammary gland development (oxytocin helps in milk expression), in males it enhances LH expression in Leydig cells and thus ups Testosterone level and spermatogenesis.

36
Q

What is the functional role of beta endorphins?

A

Pain relief

37
Q

What APG cells release growth hormone?

A

Somatotrophs

38
Q

Triiodothyronine is a hormone released by?

A

Thyroid gland

39
Q

Calcitonin is released by which gland?

A

Thyroid gland

40
Q

What cells synthesize calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland or C-cells

41
Q

What is the functional importance of calcitonin?

A

Makes calcium absorption by the bones and osteoblastic production of bone

42
Q

What hormone is an example of antagonistic relationship with parathyroid hormones?

A

Calcitonin

43
Q

What regulates BMR?

A

Thyroxine or T4

44
Q

How is adrenal cortex and medulla regulated?

A

Cortex is regulated by negative feedback by ACTH and medulla is regulated by nerves from hypothalamus

45
Q

How many zones are related to adrenal cortex?

A

Three

46
Q

What hormone is released by the outer most layer of cortex?

A

Aldosterone (Mineral balance)

47
Q

What hormone is released by the middle layer of cortex?

A

Cortisol (glucose balance)

48
Q

What hormone is released by the inner-most layer of adrenal cortex?

A

Androgens and estrogens

49
Q

What triggers the release of aldosterone?

A

Angiotensin 2

50
Q

What is the effect of cortisol release on the body?

A

Increases glucose level, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, lowers immunity, makes amygdala of brain active.

51
Q

With which hormone has cortisol permissive effect?

A

Norepinephrine

52
Q

What are the important organs involved in HPA-axis?

A

Hypothalamus, APG, and adrenal gland

53
Q

What feedback mechanism is used by HPA-axis?

A

Negative feedback

54
Q

What are the two hormones released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

55
Q

What is known as neuroendocrine cell?

A

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

56
Q

What organ has post-synaptic nerves and doesn’t depends on hormonal regulation of it’s hormone?

A

Adrenal medulla chromaffin cells release E and NE and regulation is achieved with post-synaptic nerves

57
Q

What is the effect of insulin on the body metabolism?

A

Anabolic response

58
Q

What cells synthesize insulin?

A

Beta cells

59
Q

What cells synthesize glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

60
Q

What is the islets of Langerhans cells?

A

Pancreatic cells involved in production of important hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

61
Q

What is the name of the cells which synthesize somatostatin?

A

Delta cells. It is also produced by hypothalamus

62
Q

What is the functional role of somatostatin?

A

It limits growth (prevents glucagon and insulin) and works opposite the growth promoting hormone somatotropin

63
Q

What is the hormone released by heart?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide or ANP (ANF) and brain natriuretic peptide BNP

64
Q

What is the function of ANF?

A

Get rid of excessive sodium in the urine

65
Q

What cells release the ANP?

A

By Atrial mayocardiocytes in response to increased blood volume

66
Q

What is the effect of ANP release?

A

Lowers blood pressure, causes excretion of Na in urine, blocks the hormones causing its release

67
Q

What is diuresis

A

Excretion involving urine

68
Q

What is natriuresis?

A

Increase Na+ excretion

69
Q

What is the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

Conservation of water

70
Q

What is the effect of ANP on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

Inhibits renin and thus the whole system

71
Q

What is the functional role of BNP?

A

Same as ANP but less intense

72
Q

Where in the brain is BNP synthesized?

A

It’s not synthesized in the brain but the name is in fact a misnomer

73
Q

What cells synthesize BNP?

A

Mayocardiocytes in the ventricles

74
Q

What is the hormone released by thymus?

A

Thymosin, which enhances T lymphocyte activity

75
Q

What are the two important hormones made by female gonads?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

76
Q

What is an important hormone made by male gonads?

A

Testosterone

77
Q

What are the three hormones released by female ovarian follicles?

A

Estrogen, progestin, and androgens

78
Q

Estrogen and progesterone is produced by?

A

When the ovarian follicle differentiates into corpus leuteum it produces these two hormones

79
Q

What is an important androgenic hormone in males?

A

Testosterone

80
Q

What cells secrete the male sex hormone testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells or Leydig cells

81
Q

What hormone causes testosterone production?

A

LH or ICSH

M.Phil. Preparatory Flashcards (22 decks)

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