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M.Phil. Preparatory Flashcards > Biomolecules2 > Flashcards

Biomolecules2 Flashcards

1
Q

n Dodecanoic acid is also known?

A

Lauric acid

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2
Q

n Tetradecanoic acid is also known as?

A

Myristic acid

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3
Q

n Hexadecanoic acid is also known as?

A

Palmitic acid

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4
Q

n Octadecanoic acid is also known as?

A

Stearic acid

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5
Q

What is the natural source of n Octadecanoic acid?

A

Hard fat

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6
Q

n Eicosanoic acid is also know as?

A

Arachidic acid

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7
Q

From what genus is arachidic acid obtained?

A

legume genus

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8
Q

n Tetracosanoic acid is also known as?

A

Lignoceric acid

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9
Q

What is the systemic name of Palmitoleic acid?

A

Cis 9 Hexadecenoic acid

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10
Q

What is the common name of cis 9 octadecenoic acid?

A

Oleic acid

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11
Q

What is the systemic name of linoleic acid?

A

Cis cis 9, 12 octadecadeinoic acid

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12
Q

What is systemic name of alpha linolenic acid?

A

cis cis cis 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid

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13
Q

What is the common name of arachidonic acid?

A

cis cis cis cis 5,8,11,14- icosatetraenoic acid

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14
Q

What are PUFA called if the double bond is between C-3 and C-4?

A

Omega 3

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15
Q

What is the PUFA called if the double bond is between C-6 and C-7?

A

Omega 6

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16
Q

What are some natural sources of omega 3 fatty acids

A

Leafy vegetables and fish oils

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17
Q

What is the location of double bods in monounsaturated fatty acids?

A

C-9 and C-10

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18
Q

The double bond in most polyunsaturated fatty acids is between what positions?

A

C-12 and C-15

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19
Q

Which fatty acid doesn’t follow the regular conventions like the other fatty acids?

A

Arachidonic acid

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20
Q

What always separates the double bonds?

A

Methylene group

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21
Q

What is the configuration of the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Cis

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22
Q

What is another name for Omega 3 fatty acids?

A

Eicosapentaenoic acid

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23
Q

What factors effect the solubility of fatty acids?

A

length of hydrocarbon chain and degree of bonds

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24
Q

How is trans fatty acid formed in dairy animals?

A

Inside the rumen via fermentation

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25
Q

What makes fatty acids less soluble than free fatty acids?

A

Carboxylic acid derivatives

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26
Q

Name some simple triacylglycerol

A

Tripalmitin, Tristearin, Triolein

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27
Q

True or false? The specific gravity of water is > than that of oil?

A

Wrong

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28
Q

Why is trans fat harmful to the heart?

A

Causes LDL-C bad cholesterol to increase and the good cholesterol (HDL-C) to decrease.

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29
Q

What is a wax?

A

Ester of long chain unsaturated or saturated fatty acids

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30
Q

What is the normal range of fatty acid?

A

C16 to C30 for unsaturated and C14 to C36 for saturated.

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31
Q

What secretes wax from the preen glands?

A

Waterfowl bird

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32
Q

What is the source of these lanolin, beeswax, and carnauba?

A

Lamb’s wool, bee, and Brazilian palm tree

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33
Q

What is the major component of beeswax?

A

Triacontanoylpalmitate

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34
Q

Name the two residues of Beeswax?

A

Triacontanol alcohol and Palmitic acid

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35
Q

What are glycans?

A

Polysaccharides

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36
Q

What is the functional importance of homo and heteropolysachrides?

A

Homopoly serves as fuel storage and heteropoly as structural sugar

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37
Q

Why don’t have sugars a definite mol wt just as proteins?

A

Proteins are synthesized in a specific manner whereas sugars mol wt is a function of the enzyme catalyzing the reaction and there is no stopping like that in protein synthesis.

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38
Q

Why is starch and glycogen heavily hydrated?

A

Because of freely available OH groups that bind water molecules

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39
Q

In what plants is starch most abundant?

A

Underground vegetables such as tubers and potato, etc.

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40
Q

What are the monomeric subunits of cellulose?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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41
Q

What is the nature of amylose and how are they connected?

A

Amylose are basically d-glucose monomers which bind in alpha 1-4 linkage without branching

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42
Q

What is the nature of amylopectin and how are they connected?

A

Highly branched, successive glucose residues, alpha 1-4 linkage between the residues and alpha 1-6 linkage between the linking points.

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43
Q

On approximately how many residues does branching takes place in amylopectin?

A

20-30 residues

44
Q

Glycogen with n branches has how many non-reducing ends?

A

n+1 and one reducing end

45
Q

When glycogen is degraded where does the cleavage process takes place?

A

At the non-reducing ends

46
Q

Why isn’t glycogen just stored as glucose instead in the cell?

A

Because the high osmolarity of glucose will cause water influx inside the cell causing it to rapture.

47
Q

Which polysaccharide has alpha 1-6 linked glucose and alpha 1-3, alpha 1-2 and alpha 1-4 branches?

A

Dextran

48
Q

What is the type of polysaccharides used in sephadex?

A

Dextran

49
Q

This carb is a product of bacteria on teeth and causes plaque?

A

Dextran

50
Q

What is the nature of cellulose?

A

Unbranched homopolysaccharide consisting of d-glucose subunits

51
Q

What is the configuration of residues in glucose and cellulose?

A

In cellulose glucose, the residues have an alpha configuration whereas in amylose the glucose has a beta configuration.

52
Q

Bonding breaking of starch and glycogen takes place at which site?

A

Alpha 1-4 linkages of the glucose residues

53
Q

What are the products of cellulose degradation in rumen of animals?

A

Acetate, propionate, and Beta hydroxybutyrate

54
Q

What makes up 30% of plant wood mass and makes the cellulose digestion complicated?

A

Lignin

55
Q

What is the nature of chitin?

A

It’s a homopolysaccharide with N-acetylglucosamine residues in beta 1-4 linkage

56
Q

What’s the main difference between chitin and cellulose?

A

The c-2 carbon of chitin has a hydroxyl group replaced by acetylated amino group.

57
Q

What is the functional role of chitin?

A

Makes the exoskeleton of many animals.

58
Q

What is the second most abundant polysaccharide after cellulose?

A

Chitin

59
Q

Starch, glucose and glycogen are composed of what subunits?

A

Pyranose ring

60
Q

In Pyranose ring based structures where is the rotation taking place?

A

Between the C-O of the linking bonds of the glyosidic linkage

61
Q

Why is the water content of cellulose low?

A

Due to interchain hydrogen bonding

62
Q

What is the most stable structure of glycogen and starch molecules?

A

Tightly coiled helix stabilized by hydrogen bonding.

63
Q

What is the nature of bacterial cell wall

A

It consists of a heteropolysaccharide known as peptidoglycan

64
Q

What results in the exceptional strength of peptidoglycan?

A

Peptide crosslinks between the chains

65
Q

What are the structural units of peptidoglycan?

A

N-Acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid residue

66
Q

How does lysozyme kills a bacteria?

A

It cleaves the peptidoglycan layer by acting at the Beta 1-4 glyosidic bond between the two monomers of the chain.

67
Q

How does penicillin acts against bacteria?

A

Blocks peptide linkage between the peptidoglycan chains hence leaving it susceptible to osmotic lysis.

68
Q

What is the chemical nature of agar?

A

It’s a sulfated heteropolysaccharide made of d glucose and l galactose ether linked between C3 and C6

69
Q

What substitute in the agar?

A

Sulfate and pyruvates

70
Q

What makes agarose different than agar?

A

Less charged substituent such as sulfates and pyruvates

71
Q

Why are agarose used as electrophoresis material?

A

They form gels which can trap water and they can also be used to deliver some vitamins.

72
Q

What is the repeating unit of agarose?

A

Beta 1-4 linkage between d-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose.

73
Q

In agarose what carbons are involved in ether linkage?

A

C3 and C6 joined by alpha 1-3 glyosidic linkage

74
Q

What are the heteropolysaccharides of the extracellular matrix?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

75
Q

What is the nature of glycosaminoglycans?

A

Linear polymers containing disaccharide subunits

76
Q

What are two different monosaccharides which make up the glycosaminoglycans?

A

N acetylglucosamine or N acetylgalactoamine and Uronic acid (D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid)

77
Q

What owes to the negative charges of glucosaminoglycans?

A

Carboxylic and sulfate groups esterified to the molecule of uronic acid.

78
Q

What mechanism is adopted by the glycosaminoglycans to cope with the repulsion force generated by the negative charge of the molecule?

A

Folds into a rod-like helix with carboxylic groups on alternative sides.

79
Q

How is proteoglycan formed?

A

When sulfate groups of the glycosaminoglycan’s uronic acid binds to the extracellular proteins.

80
Q

How does glycosaminoglycans help in cell recognition?

A

The alternating sulfate and non-sulfate groups help

81
Q

What is the hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid made of?

A

Alternating residues of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine

82
Q

Explain the functional importance of hyaluronic acid?

A

Found as lubricant in synovial fluid of the joints and ECM of cartilage and tendons where it gives support.

83
Q

What is the name of the enzyme which digests the hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan?

A

Hyaluronidase from pathogenic bacteria, which facilitates the invasion process. Glyosidic linkage is effected.

84
Q

What are some polymers which differ from hyaluronan in some aspects.

A

Chondroitin sulfate, Dermatan sulfate, Keratin sulfate, and Heparan sulfate.

85
Q

What do you know about Dermatan sulfate?

A

Glucuronate residues are replaced with C-5 epimer L-iduronate.

86
Q

What do you know about keratan sulfate?

A

No uronic acid + sulfate content is variable

87
Q

What do you known about Heparan sulfate?

A

Liver is the source, contains variable sulfated and non-sulfated sugar

88
Q

What allows the Heparan sulfate to conduct it’s functional role?

A

Sulfated segments

89
Q

What is a very extremely sulfated form of heparan?

A

Heparin

90
Q

These three are heteropolysaccharides?

A

Peptidoglycan, agarose, hyaluronan

91
Q

What is the branching in amylose?

A

alpha 1-4 linear, glucose

92
Q

What is the branching type in amylopectin?

A

alpha 1-4 glucose with alpha 1-6 branches

93
Q

What is the branching in glycogen?

A

alpha 1-4 glucose, alpha 1-6 branching

94
Q

What is the branching in cellulose?

A

beta 1-4 glucose, linear molecule

95
Q

What is the branching in chitin?

A

beta 1-4 GlcNAc, linear

96
Q

What is the branching type in Dextran?

A

alpha 1-6 with alpha 1-3 branching, glucose residue

97
Q

What is the branching type in peptidoglycans?

A

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid residues, with beta 1-4 linkage.

98
Q

What is the branching type in agarose?

A

D-gal linked beta 1-4 to 3,6 anhydro-L-gal

99
Q

What is the branching type in hyaluronan?

A

Glucuronic acid linked beta 1-3 to N acetylglucosamine, linear

100
Q

All of these compounds are Heteropolysaccharides?

A

Agarose, peptidoglycan, Hyaluronan

101
Q

These biomolecules contain glucose as there residue?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, dextran

102
Q

These biomolecules are branched?

A

Amylopectin, glycogen, dextran, etc.

103
Q

Which biomolecule contains a muramic acid residue?

A

Peptidoglycan

104
Q

This biomolecule is only made of N - acetylglucosamine residue?

A

Chitin

105
Q

This sugar disaccharide molecule contains a D galactose residue.

A

Agarose

106
Q

These biomolecules contain a beta 1-4 linkage type?

A

Cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan, agarose

107
Q

These biomolecules contain an alpha 1-3 linkage type with alpha 1-6 branching?

A

Amylose and amylopectin, glycogen

M.Phil. Preparatory Flashcards (22 decks)

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