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M.Phil. Preparatory Flashcards > Immunological disorder2 > Flashcards

Immunological disorder2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity exist?

A

Four

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2
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is cell mediated?

A

Type 4 is cell-mediated whereas the other types are antibody mediated

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3
Q

What antibody mediates the type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

IgE

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4
Q

What antibody mediates the type 2 and 3 hypersensitivity?

A

IgG

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5
Q

What type is immediate anaphylactic?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

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6
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is cytotoxic?

A

Type 2

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7
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is immuno-complex based?

A

Type 3

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8
Q

What is delayed hypersensitivity?

A

Type 4

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9
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is the fastest in response and which one is the slowest?

A

Type 1 is the fastest whereas type 3 is the slowest

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10
Q

What are the events of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Antigen produces IgE antibody which binds the fc receptor of mediator cells, this on second exposure binds the antigen and a response is generated from the mediator cell such as mast cells

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11
Q

What is the immediate and late phase of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Immediate phase: Exposure to the same antigen for the second time triggers a fast response with cross-linking of cell-bound antigens and release of mediators within minutes.

Late phase: Response is generated after around 6hrs have elapsed since the antigen exposure

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12
Q

What is the most severe form of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Systemic anaphylaxis

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13
Q

What happens in the most severe form of hypersensitivity?

A

Systemic anaphylaxis involves bronchoconstriction and hypotension (shock)

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14
Q

What are some of the important mediators in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Serotonin, histamine, leukotrienes (SRS-A), ECF-A, prostaglandins and thromboxane

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15
Q

What is the role of histamine?

A

Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction

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16
Q

What mediator accounts for the bronchospasm?

A

Histamine

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17
Q

What is the role of SRS-A such as leukotriene?

A

Increase vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction.

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18
Q

What is the principal mediator of asthma?

A

Leukotriene

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19
Q

What decreases the type 1 sensitivity response?

A

Eosinophils

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20
Q

What is the role of serotonin in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Minor role, causes vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction

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21
Q

What type 1 hypersensitivity mediator causes platelet aggregation?

A

Thromboxane

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22
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins?

A

Prostaglandins cause dilation
and increased permeability of capillaries and bronchoconstriction

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23
Q

What is the role of PAF

A

Bronchoconstriction, hypotension and vascular permeability

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24
Q

In what type 1 hypersensitivity does a drug directly induces the mediators?

A

Anaphylactoid reaction, which takes place the immunoglobulin E

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25
Q

What are atopy disorders?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity disorders such as asthma, fever, and eczema a and urticaria

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26
Q

What takes place in systemic anaphylaxis?

A

Large dosage of antigens and insufficient release of mediators

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27
Q

What are the main events of type 2 or cytotoxic hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody directed to the cell membrane antigens activates compliment, which damages the membrane

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28
Q

What happens in type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Immune complex hypersensitivity is a product of antigen-antibody complex that deposits in tissue and causes inflammation response within it.

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29
Q

True or false? Wherever antigen-antibody complexes are left out, there will be a complement system side effect?

A

Yes, true!

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30
Q

What is arthus reaction

A

When immune-complexes deposit at local sites and cause inflammation

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31
Q

What is a clinical manifestation of Arthus reaction?

A

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

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32
Q

What is the difference between serum sickness and arthus reaction?

A

Serum sickness is systemic not local site inflammation.

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33
Q

Arthus reaction and serum sickness are what types of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 3 immuno-complex hypersensitivity

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34
Q

What are some disorders of immuno-complex or type 3 hypersensitivity

A

glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, vasculitis

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35
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity caused by streptococcus pyrogen, glomerulus infection.

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36
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune
disease of the joints seen commonly in young
women.

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37
Q

Is Rheumatoid arthritis local?

A

No, it’s systemic and can take place in organs too.

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38
Q

What happens in vasculitis?

A

Inflammation of the blood vessels, type 3 based hypersensitivity disorder.

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39
Q

To what type of hypersensitivity does this belong: Systemic anaphylaxis, urticaria (hives), asthma, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis,
food allergies (e.g., nuts, shellfish, eggs), drug allergies especially penicillin, eczema (atopic
dermatitis), bee venom, latex gloves, angioedema

A

Type 1

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40
Q

To what do these belong? Hemolytic anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, ABO transfusion reactions, Rh
incompatibility (erythroblastosis fetalis, hemolytic disease of the newborn), rheumatic fever, Goodpasture syndrome

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity

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41
Q

To what do these disease belong? Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis,
IgA nephropathy, serum sickness, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (e.g., farmer’s lung)

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity

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42
Q

To what do these disorders belong to? Contact dermatitis, poison oak/ivy, tuberculin skin test reaction, drug rash, Stevens-Johnson
syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity (delayed)

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43
Q

Drug hypersensitivity take place in what?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

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44
Q

What is delayed hypersensitivity?

A

Delayed hypersensitivity is a function of T lymphocytes,
not antibody (Figure 65–4). It can be transferred by immunologically
committed (sensitized) T cells, not by serum.
The response is “delayed” (i.e., it starts hours [or days] after
contact with the antigen and often lasts for days).

45
Q

What are some delayed hypersensitivity reactions

A

Contact hypersensitivity(chemicals), Tuberculin-type hypersensitivity(Microbial), Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome(skin rashes),
and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis(Skin cell disease caused by T-cell attack)

46
Q

What is CD4 based delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Tuberculosis, coccidioidomycosis,
Tuberculin or coccidioidin
(or spherulin) skin tests

47
Q

What is CD8 based delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Cytotoxic T cell (Erythema multiforme, Stevens-
Johnson syndrome, toxic
epidermal necrolysis)

48
Q

What is immune tolerance?

A

Immune system irresponsiveness

49
Q

What type of tolerance is of most importance?

A

T-cell tolerance

50
Q

How is fetus protected from autoimmune disorder normally?

A

Destruction of self T-cells in the thymus

51
Q

What is the most important step of autoimmunity?

A

Activation of self T-cells and th1 and th2 based cell-mediated and antibody autoimmune response.

52
Q

What gene determines autoimmunity in an individual?

A

MHC gene

53
Q

What are the agents, which cause autoimmunity?

A

Genetic, hormonal, and environmental.

54
Q

What gender has 90% autoimmunity?

A

Women

55
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis and shigella microbes cause which autoimmune disorder?

A

Reiter’s syndrome

56
Q

What autoimmune disease is caused by borrelia burgdorferi?

A

Lyme arthritis

57
Q

What autoimmune disorder is caused by S.pyogenes?

A

Rheumatic fever

58
Q

What autoimmune disease is caused by c.jujuni?

A

Guillian barre syndrome

59
Q

What auto immune disease is caused by E.coli

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

60
Q

What autoimmune disorder is caused by Yersinia e?

A

Reactive arthritis

61
Q

What causes the auto immune disorder multiple sclerosis?

A

Hepatitis B virus

62
Q

What auto immune disorder is caused by hepatitis c virus?

A

Mixed cryoglobulinemia

63
Q

What auto immune disorder is caused by measles virus?

A

Allergic encephalitis

64
Q

What auto immune disorder is caused by coxsackie virus B3?

A

Myocarditis

65
Q

What auto immune disorder is caused by coxsackie virus B4?

A

Type 1 diabetes

66
Q

What auto immune disorder does cytomegalovirus cause?

A

Scleroderma

67
Q

What does HTLV cause?

A

Myelopathy

68
Q

What happens in allergic encephalitis?

A

Brain inflammation

69
Q

What happens in multiple sclerosis?

A

T-cell and macrophagic demyelination of white matter

70
Q

What happens in chronic thyroiditis?

A

Antibody to thyroglobulin protein which causes fibrosis of the thyroid glands

71
Q

What happens in Hemolytic anemias, thrombocytopenias, and granulocytopenias

A

Autoantibodies attach to cell membrane causing destruction of the cells

72
Q

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoreactive T cells destroy islet cells of pancreas

73
Q

What happens in insulin resistant diabetes?

A

Antibodies bind with insulin receptors

74
Q

What happens in myasthenia gravis?

A

Muscle weakness and acetylcholine antibodies present in serum

75
Q

What happens in grave’s syndrome?

A

Antibodies bind to thyrotropin receptors, causing thyroxin release which causes hyperthyroidism

76
Q

What happens in Guillian barre syndrome?

A

Antibodies against ganglioside is formed, triggers demyelination and subsequently leads to paralysis.

77
Q

What is pemphigus?

A

It’s and autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies effect the desmosome tight junction protein

78
Q

What happens in reactive arthritis?

A

Inflammation of the joints caused by infection with microbes, which might be present elsewhere in the body and their antigen triggers the disorder

79
Q

What happens in celiac disease

A

Causes intestinal complications

80
Q

What are Crohn’s disease and
ulcerative colitis

A

One takes place in the ileum and the other in colon. They involve IBD. Hypersensitivity to normal flora of the gut

81
Q

What happens in psoriasis?

A

chronic autoimmune skin
disease characterized by raised erythematous plaques with
silvery scales, often on the elbows or knees.

82
Q

What happens in Systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

Autoimmunity against the histones, DNA, etc.

83
Q

What happens in Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Formation of autoantibodies against the IgG.

84
Q

What is the class of Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

IgM class

85
Q

What happens in rheumatic fever?

A

Antibodies produced against the M protein of group A streptococci (microbes tricks the IS and causes autoimmunity in healthy cells).

86
Q

What happens in Reiter’s syndrome?

A

This syndrome is characterized
by the triad of arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis

87
Q

What happens in goodpasture syndrome?

A

Autoantibodies formed against the collagen in basement membrane of kidney and lungs

88
Q

What is the importance of carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha fetoprotein?

A

They are cancer biomarkers

89
Q

What causes X-Linked Hypogammaglobulinemia
(Bruton’s Agammaglobulinemia)?

A

Low B cells and immunoglobulin

90
Q

What is the cause of Selective Immunoglobulin Deficiencies

A

IgA deficiency

91
Q

What causes Thymic aplasia (DiGeorge’s)?

A

T cell absence

92
Q

What causes Chronic mucocutaneous
candidiasis?

A

Low T cells response to candida

93
Q

What causes Severe combined
immunodeficiency (SCID)?

A

Deficiency of both T and B cells

94
Q

What causes Hereditary angioedema?

A

Deficiency of complement systems

95
Q

What causes Chronic granulomatous
disease?

A

Low bactericidal activity

96
Q

What are two important disease caused by T-cell deficiency?

A

Measles and AIDS

97
Q

What receptors are affected and what virus causes AIDS

A

CD4 and retrovirus(HIV)

98
Q

What happens in measles?

A

Transient suppression of delayed response or type 4 hypersensitivity reaction (respiratory tract complications with high fever)

99
Q

What are some phagocyte deficeincy disorders?

A

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Chronic Fatigue
Immune Dysfunction Syndrome) and neutropenia

100
Q

What causes Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?

A

CGD is due to a defect in the intracellular microbicidal
activity of neutrophils as a result of a lack of NADPH
oxidase activity (or similar enzymes).

101
Q

What causes Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome?

A

Autosomal recessive disorder caused by failure of neutrophil lysosome to fuse with phagosome

102
Q

What causes Job’s Syndrome (Hyper-IgE Syndrome)?

A

Failure of Helper T cells to produce gamma interferon

103
Q

What causes Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome?

A

Defective adhesion
(LFA-1) proteins on the surface of their phagocytes.

104
Q

What causes Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome?

A

X linked disease, the inability to mount an
IgM response to the capsular polysaccharides of bacteria

105
Q

What causes Ataxia–Telangiectasia(problem in coordination)?

A

Combined disorder of t and b, mutations in the genes
that encode DNA repair enzymes, autosomal recessive disorder.

106
Q

Hereditary Angioedema is caused due to?

A

deficiency of C1 inhibitor.

107
Q

What are some t cell deficiency syndromes disorders?

A

Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge’s Syndrome), Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis, Hyper-IgM Syndrome, Interleukin-12 Receptor Deficiency

108
Q

What causes t cell deficiency syndrome Hyper IgM?

A

mutation is in the gene
encoding the CD40 ligand

M.Phil. Preparatory Flashcards (22 decks)

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