Reproductive Physiology Flashcards by Sydney H

Most important aspect of a livestock operation

reproduction

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Options for herd genetic improvement

genetic selection
artificial insemination
embryo transfer

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Role of male in reproduction (3)

produce large number of viable male sex cells (spermatozoa)
deliver sperm to proper place in female tract at proper time
provide 50% in genetic makeup and determine offspring sex

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Functions of testes (2)

Produce sperm cells to fertilize eggs
Produce male hormone testosterone

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Testes are housed outside of body cavity in what structure and why

Scrotum
allows for temperature regulation as tested should be 4-5 degrees cooler than body temp

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What species does not have a scrotum

poultry

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function of inguinal canal

prevents testes from going back into body cavity or from viscera from entering scrotum

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what is cryptorchid
what are the affects

one or more testes failing to descend into scrotum
Unilateral: still fertile
Bilateral: sterile
animal still produces testosterone

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Seminiferous tubules

tubular structures within the testicles where sperm cells develop

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Leydig cells location, function, hormone

adjacent to seminiferous tubules
produces testosterone
under control of luteinizing hormone (LH)

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Epididymis structure and function

Coiled tube in each testis
storage and maturation site for sperm prior to ejaculation

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Vas Deferens function

long tubular structure that transports sperm from epididymis to the urethra

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Secondary male sex glands (name and function) (3)

Seminal Vesicles (Vesicular Gland)- Produces fluid to neutralize urine and add volume
Prostate gland- Provide sperm nutrients
Cowpers Gland (Bulbourethral Gland)- Secretes gel which forms cervical plug in boars

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Male reproductive organs (2)

Urethra
Penis

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Sperm cell anatomy (5)

Acrosome
Nucleus
Centriole
Mitochondria
Axial Filament

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Breeding soundness evaluation characteristics (6)

BCS
General physical examination
Palpation of internal genitalia
Palpation of testes
Scrotal Measurements
Semen evaluation

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Why is castration done? (5)

stop male hormone production
prevent unplanned mating
decrease aggression
Produce consistent quality meat
decrease management costs

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Surgical castration best used on…

older calves

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Elastrator castration best used on…

very young calves

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Burdizzo failure rate

35%

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Role of female in reproduction (3)

supplies 50% of genetic material
nourishes fetus in uterus
nourishes offspring via milk

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Parts of female reproductive tract (7)

Vulva
Vestibule
Vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Fallopian tubes/oviduct
Ovary

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Vulva function

entrance to female reproductive tract

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Vestibule function

passageway to urinary and reproductive tracts
produces mucous secretions for lubrication and pheromones

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Vagina function

organ of copulation

Cervix function

remains tightly closed to protect fetus

Uterus constituents (3)

body & two uterin horns

Fallopian tube or oviduct functions (4)

carries ovum from ovary to uterus transports sperm from uterus site of fertilization sable environment for fertilized ovum for 2-4 days

Ovary function

primary sex organ source of follicle and estrogen production

Uterus function (2)

site of implantation site for developing embryo

Tertiary follicles secrete estrogen to

initiate sexual activity in the female

Estrous vs Estrus

Estrous is the word to describe the cycle Estrus is the period within estrous describes as being in heat

Estrus

d0 Maximum production of estrogen ovulation takes place 30 hours after behavioural signs have ceased

Behavioural signs of estrus (5)

decreased milk production riding animals clear mucus swollen vulva nervousness

Metestrus

d 2-4 Post ovulation Corpus luteum is formed in the follicle Progesterone is secreted by CL

Diestrus

d 5-17 Luteal phase (max size of CL) Positive - embryo signals presence Negative - repro awaits next cycle

Proestrus

d 17-20 Follicular growth rising estrogen levels Mucosal layers of vagina and uterus multiply

FSH

stimulated development of follicles

Pathway effects of FSH (3)

Estrogen reaches peak resulting in estrus Follicle grows causing theca cells to produce estrogen Follicle continues to grow and produce more estrogen

Functions of estrogen (6)

Induction of estrus increase uterine motility dilation of cervix synthesis of cervical mucus Mammary gland development stimulates release of LH

causes follicle wall to rupture and release ovum (ovulation)

Ovulation (2)

LH makes follicle rupture and release ovum Ovum travels into infundibulum of the fallopian tube

Corpus Luteum

new tissue developing in the ruptured follicle that begins to produce progesterone

Progesterone feedback on pituitary to prevent release of ___ and __

FSH and LH

Progesterone

hormone of pregnancy

Functions of progesterone (5)

Prevents ovulation maintains pregnancy causes endometrium to thicken increased uterine blood supply mammary gland development

When does CL begin to regress in non pregnant animals? why

12 days stimulated by secretion of prostaglandins

Fertilization lifespan of an ovum is about __ day

1 day

Sperm must break through what to get into the egg? Mammals and nonmammals

Zona pellucida (M) Vitelline membrane (NM)

What is a fertilized ovum called

zygote

what cell stage is a zygote by the time it reaches the uterus?

16 cell stage

Implantation is a _________ process

gradual

Three membranes involved in implantation

Amnion Chorion Allantois

Chorion location and function

outermost layer layer that contacts the endometrium of the uterus

Amnion location and function

fluid filled sac surrounding embryo protects embryo from shock connected to embryo via umbilical cord

Allantois function

Extension of the urinary system Liquid waste, gas exchange, and nutrition

Placenta functions (4)

transmission of nutrients and waste protection of fetus prevention of infection secretion of hormones

Types of placenta attachment, description, and species (4)

Diffuse, entire surface is involved in placenta formation (horse/pig) Zonary, complete or incomplete band around fetus (Dogs, cats) Discoid, single attachment (Primates, rodents) Cotyledonary, multiple "buttons" of attachment (ruminants)

Risk factors for retained placenta (2)

overweight vitamin A deficiency

Pregnancy detection options (5)

absence of heat rectal palpation/ultrasound Biological tests (urine/blood) ultrasound Doppler

Signs of parturition (6)

Seeks seclusion loss of appetite nest building increased body temp vulvar relaxation bagging up

Hormones of parturition and function (5)

ACTH Prostaglandin (destroys CL, contractions) Estrogen (sensitizes uterus to oxytocin) Oxytocin (Stimulates uterine contractions) Relaxin (relaxes birth canal)

Why are avian testes internal

developed to adapt to body temp to produce viable sperm

avian reproductive tract

similar to other mammals, all ends at cloaca as there is no copulatory organ