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Ansc 212 > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Most important aspect of a livestock operation

A

reproduction

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2
Q

Options for herd genetic improvement

A

genetic selection
artificial insemination
embryo transfer

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3
Q

Role of male in reproduction (3)

A

produce large number of viable male sex cells (spermatozoa)
deliver sperm to proper place in female tract at proper time
provide 50% in genetic makeup and determine offspring sex

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4
Q

Functions of testes (2)

A

Produce sperm cells to fertilize eggs
Produce male hormone testosterone

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5
Q

Testes are housed outside of body cavity in what structure and why

A

Scrotum
allows for temperature regulation as tested should be 4-5 degrees cooler than body temp

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6
Q

What species does not have a scrotum

A

poultry

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7
Q

function of inguinal canal

A

prevents testes from going back into body cavity or from viscera from entering scrotum

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8
Q

what is cryptorchid
what are the affects

A

one or more testes failing to descend into scrotum
Unilateral: still fertile
Bilateral: sterile
animal still produces testosterone

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9
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

tubular structures within the testicles where sperm cells develop

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10
Q

Leydig cells location, function, hormone

A

adjacent to seminiferous tubules
produces testosterone
under control of luteinizing hormone (LH)

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11
Q

Epididymis structure and function

A

Coiled tube in each testis
storage and maturation site for sperm prior to ejaculation

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12
Q

Vas Deferens function

A

long tubular structure that transports sperm from epididymis to the urethra

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13
Q

Secondary male sex glands (name and function) (3)

A

Seminal Vesicles (Vesicular Gland)- Produces fluid to neutralize urine and add volume
Prostate gland- Provide sperm nutrients
Cowpers Gland (Bulbourethral Gland)- Secretes gel which forms cervical plug in boars

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14
Q

Male reproductive organs (2)

A

Urethra
Penis

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15
Q

Sperm cell anatomy (5)

A

Acrosome
Nucleus
Centriole
Mitochondria
Axial Filament

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16
Q

Breeding soundness evaluation characteristics (6)

A

BCS
General physical examination
Palpation of internal genitalia
Palpation of testes
Scrotal Measurements
Semen evaluation

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17
Q

Why is castration done? (5)

A

stop male hormone production
prevent unplanned mating
decrease aggression
Produce consistent quality meat
decrease management costs

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18
Q

Surgical castration best used on…

A

older calves

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19
Q

Elastrator castration best used on…

A

very young calves

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20
Q

Burdizzo failure rate

A

35%

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21
Q

Role of female in reproduction (3)

A

supplies 50% of genetic material
nourishes fetus in uterus
nourishes offspring via milk

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22
Q

Parts of female reproductive tract (7)

A

Vulva
Vestibule
Vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Fallopian tubes/oviduct
Ovary

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23
Q

Vulva function

A

entrance to female reproductive tract

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24
Q

Vestibule function

A

passageway to urinary and reproductive tracts
produces mucous secretions for lubrication and pheromones

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25
Q

Vagina function

A

organ of copulation

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26
Q

Cervix function

A

remains tightly closed to protect fetus

27
Q

Uterus constituents (3)

A

body & two uterin horns

28
Q

Fallopian tube or oviduct functions (4)

A

carries ovum from ovary to uterus
transports sperm from uterus
site of fertilization
sable environment for fertilized ovum for 2-4 days

29
Q

Ovary function

A

primary sex organ
source of follicle and estrogen production

30
Q

Uterus function (2)

A

site of implantation
site for developing embryo

31
Q

Tertiary follicles secrete estrogen to

A

initiate sexual activity in the female

32
Q

Estrous vs Estrus

A

Estrous is the word to describe the cycle
Estrus is the period within estrous describes as being in heat

33
Q

Estrus

A

d0
Maximum production of estrogen
ovulation takes place 30 hours after behavioural signs have ceased

34
Q

Behavioural signs of estrus (5)

A

decreased milk production
riding animals
clear mucus
swollen vulva
nervousness

35
Q

Metestrus

A

d 2-4
Post ovulation
Corpus luteum is formed in the follicle
Progesterone is secreted by CL

36
Q

Diestrus

A

d 5-17
Luteal phase (max size of CL)
Positive - embryo signals presence
Negative - repro awaits next cycle

37
Q

Proestrus

A

d 17-20
Follicular growth
rising estrogen levels
Mucosal layers of vagina and uterus multiply

38
Q

FSH

A

stimulated development of follicles

39
Q

Pathway effects of FSH (3)

A

Estrogen reaches peak resulting in estrus
Follicle grows causing theca cells to produce estrogen
Follicle continues to grow and produce more estrogen

40
Q

Functions of estrogen (6)

A

Induction of estrus
increase uterine motility
dilation of cervix
synthesis of cervical mucus
Mammary gland development
stimulates release of LH

41
Q

LH

A

causes follicle wall to rupture and release ovum (ovulation)

42
Q

Ovulation (2)

A

LH makes follicle rupture and release ovum
Ovum travels into infundibulum of the fallopian tube

43
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

new tissue developing in the ruptured follicle that begins to produce progesterone

44
Q

Progesterone feedback on pituitary to prevent release of ___ and __

A

FSH and LH

45
Q

Progesterone

A

hormone of pregnancy

46
Q

Functions of progesterone (5)

A

Prevents ovulation
maintains pregnancy
causes endometrium to thicken
increased uterine blood supply
mammary gland development

47
Q

When does CL begin to regress in non pregnant animals? why

A

12 days
stimulated by secretion of prostaglandins

48
Q

Fertilization lifespan of an ovum is about __ day

A

1 day

49
Q

Sperm must break through what to get into the egg? Mammals and nonmammals

A

Zona pellucida (M)
Vitelline membrane (NM)

50
Q

What is a fertilized ovum called

A

zygote

51
Q

what cell stage is a zygote by the time it reaches the uterus?

A

16 cell stage

52
Q

Implantation is a _________ process

A

gradual

53
Q

Three membranes involved in implantation

A

Amnion
Chorion
Allantois

54
Q

Chorion location and function

A

outermost layer
layer that contacts the endometrium of the uterus

55
Q

Amnion location and function

A

fluid filled sac surrounding embryo
protects embryo from shock
connected to embryo via umbilical cord

56
Q

Allantois function

A

Extension of the urinary system
Liquid waste, gas exchange, and nutrition

57
Q

Placenta functions (4)

A

transmission of nutrients and waste
protection of fetus
prevention of infection
secretion of hormones

58
Q

Types of placenta attachment, description, and species (4)

A

Diffuse, entire surface is involved in placenta formation (horse/pig)
Zonary, complete or incomplete band around fetus (Dogs, cats)
Discoid, single attachment (Primates, rodents)
Cotyledonary, multiple “buttons” of attachment (ruminants)

59
Q

Risk factors for retained placenta (2)

A

overweight
vitamin A deficiency

60
Q

Pregnancy detection options (5)

A

absence of heat
rectal palpation/ultrasound
Biological tests (urine/blood)
ultrasound
Doppler

61
Q

Signs of parturition (6)

A

Seeks seclusion
loss of appetite
nest building
increased body temp
vulvar relaxation
bagging up

62
Q

Hormones of parturition and function (5)

A

ACTH
Prostaglandin (destroys CL, contractions)
Estrogen (sensitizes uterus to oxytocin)
Oxytocin (Stimulates uterine contractions)
Relaxin (relaxes birth canal)

63
Q

Why are avian testes internal

A

developed to adapt to body temp to produce viable sperm

64
Q

avian reproductive tract

A

similar to other mammals, all ends at cloaca as there is no copulatory organ

Ansc 212 (13 decks)

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