Dairy Production Flashcards by Sydney H

canadian dairy is concentrated in

ontario and quebec

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reasons for decline in dairy farm numbers (3)

changing population demographics
economic change
unfavourable cost of quota

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Canada dairy herd size has increased ____% since 1970

411%

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certifications for organic dairy production (3)

grown without use of pesticides
produced without nitrogen based fertilizers/sewage sludge and GMO
produced without synthetic hormones or antibiotics

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transition time for organic dairy production

3 years

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reason for decline in processing facilities

mergers, consolidation

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fluid milk consumption trend

decrease

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total cream consumption trend

increase

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cheese consumption trend

increase

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yogurt consumption trend

increase

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butter consumption trend

steady

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ice cream consumption trend

decrease

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overall dairy consumption trend
reasons (3)

decline
population demographic (aging, immigration)
Low fat food push
competition (alternative milks)

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tie stall barns (2)

limited movement
welfare concerns

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free stall barns overstocking rate

can overstock by 20%

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where is tie stall still popular

Ont and Qu
smaller farms

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major breed in canada

holstein

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high butterfat and protein breed

jersey

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high milk producer breed

holstein

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milk production per cow trend
reasons (5)

increase
milking technology, disease control, genetic advancement, feed research, welfare improvement

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how is quota measured

kg butterfat

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quota is managed by provincial milk marketing board
what is it in sask?

sask milk

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fluid milk classes and %butterfat

class 1
40%

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industrial milk classes and %butterfat

class 2-5
60%

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overproduction consequence

not paid for milk overage

underproduction consequence

fines repeated=loss of quota

WMP group vs P5 group

WMP is SK AB BC MB P5 is the rest of canada

Far off cows

several weeks pre calving

close up/pre fresh cows

2-3 wks pre calve

late lactation

3-4months before dry

dry off time in the cycle

305-320 days

dry period length

60 days

mean culling age for dairy cows

4-5 years

first lactation average

28kg/d

second lactation average

33kg/d

culling rate target

20-30%

involuntary culling reasons(4)

disease, injury, infertility, death

voluntary culling reasons

low milk, surplus animals

top 2 reasons for culling

infertility/reproduction mastitis

when are dairy calves weaned

6-8 weeks

when are heifers bred

13-15 months

when do heifers have their first calf

22-24 months

lactation curve body weight trend

down with milk production increase high in dry period

lactation curve milk production

starts with high increase then gradual decrease

lactation curve dry matter intake

lags behind milk production max

lactation length

305 days

peak lactation

60-90 dyas after calving

what is persistency and what is a typical number

% of this moths milk production compared to last months 94-96%

max production is reached at (years and lactations)

6-8 years 4-6 lactations

anatomy of mammary gland

4 quarters operate independently rear produces 60% alveoli are the milk secreting cells

how does nutrients get to the udder

blood transport

blood also contains hormones. for what?

udder development milk synthesis regeneration of secretory cells during dry period

how does machine milking work

negative pressure vacuum

herringbone parlor (3)

double 4-double 24 cows at 45 angle to pit cows handled in groups

parallel side by side parlour (3)

90 angle to pit difficult to access front tits shorter distance between udders increasing efficiency

Rotary parlour (2)

milker outside not expandable

robots for free stalls (2)

VMS-deLaval Astronaut-Lely

robots for tie stall (1)

milkomax system

one robot can milk ________ cows __x a day

55-60 cows 3x a day

where are robots best suited

small herds

robot and culling relation and %

5-10% of cows must be culled as they run away

Feed first pre selection robot

eat-sort based on recent milk- go for milk or bed

milk first pre selection robot

sorting based on recent milk-either eat or milk then eat

for complete milk removal (3)

proper pre stimulation efficient machine operation quick, gentle, efficient, clean milker

_________ is key to milking

consistency

_________ is released to let milk down explain

oxytocin myoepithelial cells contract 20-60 seconds after stimulus lasting 6-8 minutes

milk ejection reflex SOP (3)

fetching cows for milking entering parlour (sight and sound) forestripping and udder prep

good milking procedures (3)

2x a day (3 increases production but costs labour) calm and consistent emphasis on hygiene

pre milking teat disinfection

iodine

why is post milking disinfection important

mastitis prevention

why is fresh food offered after milking

encouraging standing to prevent infection

how is milk stored

1-4 degrees cooled rapidly

how frequently is milk sampled what is it sampled for (6)

every load protein, fat, lactose, antibiotic residue, water, somatic cell count

milk composition (water, fat, protein, lactose, minerals)

water-85-87% fat-3-4.5% protein-3.4-3.6% Lactose-4.5-5% minerals-0.7%

2 major factors of profitability

production level of cows composition of milk

how much of a cows day is spent resting

13-15 hours

most common feeding method of cows

TMR 1-2 times a day pushed up regularly everything needed in one meal ground small enough that they cant pick apart

benefit of dry period

optimizing production in the next lactation

minimum dry period length

45 days

how to dry off cows

withdraw grain stop milking (abrupt or gradual)

Dry cow therapy (2)

antibiotics into tit (blanket or individual) keratin plug natural/tit sealant artificial

when are calves removed? why

within 24 hours of birth before bonding happens

mandatory tags for dairy calves

RFID button panel tag with unique animal number and producer herd number

when does transition milk come in

24-72 hours after birth

colostrometer

tests 25ml of milk green=good yellow=moderate red=bad

how much colostrum should be fed in the first 24 hours

at least 2 kg

reasons for housing calved individually

reduced disease prevent direct contact protect from draft

when is group housing mandatory

will become mandatory by 4wks of age by april 2031

conventional calf feeding program

8-10% of body weight in 2 meals a day 4-5 kg milk/day

accelerated feeding of calves

ad lib 16-20% of body weight 8-12 kg milk/day

which stomach grows as calves age what is growth dependent on what feature develops

rumen grain intake papillae

energy sources in calf starter

corn, barley, wheat, oats

protein sources in calf starter

soybean meal DDGS wheat bran canola meal

what does calf starter intake need to be as trying to wean

0.7-1.0kg/d