Digestive Physiology Flashcards
Key factor in delivering nutritional requirements
meeting requirements for the specific stage of production while also being cost effective
Digestion
breaking down large complexes into simpler molecules
Major complex molecules (3)
Proteins
fats
carbs
Herbivore
depend entirely on plants
sheep
carnivore
depend almost entirely on meat
wolf
omnivore
consume both meat and plants
swine
Monogastric
one stomach
human
Ruminants key feature and example species
4 stomachs
cattle
Pseudo-ruminants
missing omasum
llama
Functions (steps) of digestive tract (4)
Prehension
Mastication
Digestion/fermentation
Elimination
Parts of monogastric digestive tract (8)
Mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach(s)
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
accessory glands (salivary)
Prehension
harvesting fee into mouth using lips, teeth, tongue
Concentrate selectors
seek highly nutritious and digestible feed
deer
Grass roughage eaters
handle more fibrous diets, less selective, diet based
cattle
Enzyme in saliva to break down food
amaylase
Mastication
cattle vs chicken
mechanical reduction of particle size
cattle chew quickly and remasticate whereas chickens rely on grit in gizzard
Digestive system with limited ability to digest fiber
monogastric
Limited microbial activity type of GI system
monogastric
Break down mechanism in monogastric
enzymes
low pH
where are digestive enzymes secreted from?
pancreas
Parts of small intestine monogastric (and purpose)
Duodenum (chemical digestion)
Jejunum (physical mixing, digestion and absorption)
Ileum (primarily absorptive)
Where does limited microbial fermentation occur in monogastric systems
large intestines
Parts of large intestine monogastric (and purpose)
Cecum (microbial digestion)
Colon (water reabsorption)
Rectum (excretion of waste products)
Some functions of saliva
lubrication
enzymatic activity
nutrients for ruminant microorganisms
buffering capacity
antifoaming agent
antibodies
Rumination
happens when animal is resting
regurgitate ingesta
remastication
Eructation
gases formed in fermentation being released
Rumen is located on the left or right?
left
Characteristic feature of rumen
papillae to increase SA
Blood supply on rumen walls absorb ____
short chain fatty acids
Functions of the rumen
major feed storage
digestion through anaerobic fermentation
microorganism habitat
Why do ruminants have microbes?
microbes eat the feed the animal takes in, these microorganisms are what is providing energy for the animal. not the feed intake
_______________ is the primary source of proteins for ruminants
bacterial growth
Too much acid production in ruminants can cause
ruminal acidosis
An example of something that would cause ruminal acidosis
grain overload
which vitamins do microbes produce for ruminants
vitamin K and B
What gases to microbes produce in ruminants
CO2 and CH4
pH range of rumen
5.5-6.9
Microbes provide energy and protein, what does the cow give the microbes
warmth
ground up food
anaerobic home
How long does it take microbes to adapt to changes
3 weeks ish
one thing regarding mastication that can mess with gut bugs
food particles being too large or too small
Defining structure of the reticulum
honey comb structure
purpose of the esophageal groove
muscular fold to allow milk to bypass the rumen to the abomasum in developing calves reliant on milk
location of reticulum
forward, close to the heart
shape of omasum
globe shaped
How is the omasum compartmentalized
laminae
what is the role of the omasum
squeezing and absorbing
SCFA, water, electrolytes, minerals
Only compartment of the ruminant system with glands
abomasum
acid and enzymatic digestion in cattle location
abomasum
pH of abomasum
2-4
Fiber mat in ruminants
stimulates rumen contractions, separated gas and liquid levels
_________ can break down more complex carbohydrates
bacteria
Parts of avial digestive tract (10)
mouth
esophagus
crop
proventriculus
gizzard
small intestine
ceca
large intestine
cloaca
vent
Crop function
feed storage and moistening
Proventriculus function
chemical breakdown
Gizzard function
mechanical breakdown
Avian small intestine function
enzymatic digestion and absorption
Ceca function
essentially non functioning in poultry
Avian large intestine funtion
bacterial activity, water absorption, waste storage
Cloaca function
common GI and urinary chamber
Vent function
common GI and urinary exit
