Digestive Physiology

Question 1

Key factor in delivering nutritional requirements

Answer 1

meeting requirements for the specific stage of production while also being cost effective

Question 2

Digestion

Answer 2

breaking down large complexes into simpler molecules

Question 3

Major complex molecules (3)

Answer 3

Proteins
fats
carbs

Question 4

Herbivore

Answer 4

depend entirely on plants
sheep

Question 5

carnivore

Answer 5

depend almost entirely on meat
wolf

Question 6

omnivore

Answer 6

consume both meat and plants
swine

Question 7

Monogastric

Answer 7

one stomach
human

Question 8

Ruminants key feature and example species

Answer 8

4 stomachs
cattle

Question 9

Pseudo-ruminants

Answer 9

missing omasum
llama

Question 10

Functions (steps) of digestive tract (4)

Answer 10

Prehension
Mastication
Digestion/fermentation
Elimination

Question 11

Parts of monogastric digestive tract (8)

Answer 11

Mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach(s)
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
accessory glands (salivary)

Question 12

Prehension

Answer 12

harvesting fee into mouth using lips, teeth, tongue

Question 13

Concentrate selectors

Answer 13

seek highly nutritious and digestible feed
deer

Question 14

Grass roughage eaters

Answer 14

handle more fibrous diets, less selective, diet based
cattle

Question 15

Enzyme in saliva to break down food

Answer 15

amaylase

Question 16

Mastication
cattle vs chicken

Answer 16

mechanical reduction of particle size
cattle chew quickly and remasticate whereas chickens rely on grit in gizzard

Question 17

Digestive system with limited ability to digest fiber

Answer 17

monogastric

Question 18

Limited microbial activity type of GI system

Answer 18

monogastric

Question 19

Break down mechanism in monogastric

Answer 19

enzymes
low pH

Question 20

where are digestive enzymes secreted from?

Answer 20

pancreas

Question 21

Parts of small intestine monogastric (and purpose)

Answer 21

Duodenum (chemical digestion)
Jejunum (physical mixing, digestion and absorption)
Ileum (primarily absorptive)

Question 22

Where does limited microbial fermentation occur in monogastric systems

Answer 22

large intestines

Question 23

Parts of large intestine monogastric (and purpose)

Answer 23

Cecum (microbial digestion)
Colon (water reabsorption)
Rectum (excretion of waste products)

Question 24

Some functions of saliva

Answer 24

lubrication
enzymatic activity
nutrients for ruminant microorganisms
buffering capacity
antifoaming agent
antibodies

Question 25

Rumination

Answer 25

happens when animal is resting regurgitate ingesta remastication

Question 26

Eructation

Answer 26

gases formed in fermentation being released

Question 27

Rumen is located on the left or right?

Answer 27

left

Question 28

Characteristic feature of rumen

Answer 28

papillae to increase SA

Question 29

Blood supply on rumen walls absorb ____

Answer 29

short chain fatty acids

Question 30

Functions of the rumen

Answer 30

major feed storage digestion through anaerobic fermentation microorganism habitat

Question 31

Why do ruminants have microbes?

Answer 31

microbes eat the feed the animal takes in, these microorganisms are what is providing energy for the animal. not the feed intake

Question 32

_______________ is the primary source of proteins for ruminants

Answer 32

bacterial growth

Question 33

Too much acid production in ruminants can cause

Answer 33

ruminal acidosis

Question 34

An example of something that would cause ruminal acidosis

Answer 34

grain overload

Question 35

which vitamins do microbes produce for ruminants

Answer 35

vitamin K and B

Question 36

What gases to microbes produce in ruminants

Answer 36

CO2 and CH4

Question 37

pH range of rumen

Answer 37

5.5-6.9

Question 38

Microbes provide energy and protein, what does the cow give the microbes

Answer 38

warmth ground up food anaerobic home

Question 39

How long does it take microbes to adapt to changes

Answer 39

3 weeks ish

Question 40

one thing regarding mastication that can mess with gut bugs

Answer 40

food particles being too large or too small

Question 41

Defining structure of the reticulum

Answer 41

honey comb structure

Question 42

purpose of the esophageal groove

Answer 42

muscular fold to allow milk to bypass the rumen to the abomasum in developing calves reliant on milk

Question 43

location of reticulum

Answer 43

forward, close to the heart

Question 44

shape of omasum

Answer 44

globe shaped

Question 45

How is the omasum compartmentalized

Answer 45

laminae

Question 46

what is the role of the omasum

Answer 46

squeezing and absorbing SCFA, water, electrolytes, minerals

Question 47

Only compartment of the ruminant system with glands

Answer 47

abomasum

Question 48

acid and enzymatic digestion in cattle location

Answer 48

abomasum

Question 49

pH of abomasum

Answer 49

2-4

Question 50

Fiber mat in ruminants

Answer 50

stimulates rumen contractions, separated gas and liquid levels

Question 51

_________ can break down more complex carbohydrates

Answer 51

bacteria

Question 52

Parts of avial digestive tract (10)

Answer 52

mouth esophagus crop proventriculus gizzard small intestine ceca large intestine cloaca vent

Question 53

Crop function

Answer 53

feed storage and moistening

Question 54

Proventriculus function

Answer 54

chemical breakdown

Question 55

Gizzard function

Answer 55

mechanical breakdown

Question 56

Avian small intestine function

Answer 56

enzymatic digestion and absorption

Question 57

Ceca function

Answer 57

essentially non functioning in poultry

Question 58

Avian large intestine funtion

Answer 58

bacterial activity, water absorption, waste storage

Question 59

Cloaca function

Answer 59

common GI and urinary chamber

Question 60

Vent function

Answer 60

common GI and urinary exit