Organ Systems Flashcards
Muscle Constituents (2)
Protein and water
___________________ are the building blocks of protein
Amino acids
Muscle is approx __% water
70
Lean tissue is __________ to deposit than fat tissue
cheaper
Carbs cal/g
4 cal/g
Protein cal/g
4 cal/g
Fat cal/g
9 cal/g
Types of muscle tissue (3)
Skeletal (striated)
Smooth
Cardiac
Striations are caused by
Actin (thin)
Myosin (thick)
Muscle that is voluntary and striated
skeletal
Skeletal muscle functions (4)
movement/work
maintain body temp
maintain posture
stabilize joints
Extensor muscles cause
part to straighten
Flexor muscles cause
part to bend
Abductor muscles cause
part to move away from body
Adductor muscles cause
part to move towards the body
A, AA, AAA, B1-4 are all quality meat of
youthful cattle
D1-4 or E are all quality meat of
mature cattle
Meat yield is based on (4)
External fat depth
ribeye area
hot carcass weight
estimates kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (KPH)
Smooth muscle cells are __________ shaped containing a ______ nucleus
spindle
single
smooth muscle contracts _______________ than other muscles
slower
what muscles are involuntary
smooth and cardiac
Why are muscles striated
to allow for quick and strong contraction
Parts of the circulatory system (5)
heart
arteries
capillaries
veins
lymph system
Function of the circulatory system
transport nutrients, waste products, gases, water and hormones
distribute heat
heart to lungs type of circulation
pulmonary
heart to body type of circulation
systemic
Arteries characteristics (4)
carries blood away from heart (oxygenated)
bright red
high pressure
no valves
Veins (4)
carries blood towards the heart (non-oxygenated)
dull red/blue
low pressure
valves to prevent backflow
Functions of blood (6)
carries nutrients, waste, oxygen, and hormones
transports heat
contains buffers to maintain pH
Osmotic control to provide fluid to tissue
clotting mechanisms
Disease control
Buffy coat in blood is made of
white blood cells
blood is made up of __-__% plasma and __-__% red blood cells and a small ________
50-60%
40-50%
buffy coat
Erthrocytes
red blood cells
Leukocytes
white blood cells
Thrombocytes
platlets
Red blood cells are formed in ______________ and contain no ________ except in _________
Bone marrow
nucleus
birds
Substance in blood that binds to oxygen
hemoglobin
Nitrate poisoning
Nitrates interact with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin which reduces ability to transport O2, animal suffocates
Caused by high nitrate levels in feed (plant stressors such as drought, frost, etc)
Typical count for red blood cells
7 million / microliter
typical count for white blood cells
7-10 thousand / microliter
Cells not confined to blood
white blood cells
where are white blood cells formed
bone marrow
lymph glands
Function of Neutrophils and monocytes
ingest and destroy bacteria
Function of Eosinophils
control allergic and parasitic infections
Function of Basophils
Role in allergic and inflammatory responses
Types of Lymphocytes
T- cellular immunity (not antibody reliant)
B- humoral immunity (passed down from mother)
Types of WBC counts
Total WBC count (up- bacteria, down- virus)
Somatic Cell Count in milk (health and milk quality index)
Differential WBC count (# of each type)
How do platelets work?
attaching to injuries in blood vessels and releasing chemicals to clot
Fibrinogen
chemical necessary for clotting
Primary function of the respiratory system
deliver oxygen to lungs to be exchanged with CO2
Contraction of the diaphragm
moving down, pulls air in
Relaxation of diaphragm
moving up, pushing air out
What makes a lung collapse
a puncture of the thoracic cavity resulting in loss of vaccuum
Structures of the urinary system (4)
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
Three main parts of a nephron
glomerulus
bowman’s capsule
tubule (proximal and distal, loop of henle)
Functions of the kidney (6)
excretion of waste products
water regulation
pH maintenance
regulate osmotic pressure
regulate electrolyte levels
recycle water and nutrients
Hormones key for the kidneys
Antidiuretic (ADH) water regulation
Aldosterone Na/K balance
Somatic nervous system
muscle movement, info from ears, eyes, skin
Autonomic nervous system
involuntary body functions
Nerve cells are called
neurons
axon
single long fiber
dendrites
several branched threads
each neuron has ___-______’s synaptic connections
100-1000s
Cerebrum (3)
decision making center
sensory and motor processing
memory, learning, reasoning, judgement
Cerebellum (1)
coordinator of muscle activity
Thalamus (3)
Information relay station
all information except smell
sleep, wake, consciousness, learning and memory
Brain stem (2)
Relays information
Maintains homeostasis
4 parts of brain stem and functions
Midbrain (eye movement)
Pons (facial movement, hearing, balance)
Medulla Oblongata (Breathing,, swallowing, blood pressure, heart rhythms)
Spinal cord (connects brain and peripheral nervous system)
Endocrine system is made up of ____________ glands
ductless
Parts of the endocrine system (9)
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pineal
pancreas
ovaries
testes
Hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis
control center
pituitary
releases trophic hormones (stimulates other glands to produce hormones)
Thyroid
metabolism
Parathyroid
control of calcium levels
Adrenal
metabolism, blood pressure, sexual development, stress
Pineal
Sleep cycle
Pancreas
Insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
Ovaries/testes
sex hormones
3 structures of hormones and examples
Proteins/polypeptides (insulin, growth hormone)
Steroids (estrogen, cortisol)
Modified amino acids (Thyroid hormones, catecholamines)
access for microbial invasion (3)
intestine, respiratory, skin
Innate immunity
physical barriers
inflammatory response
Adaptive immunity
long lasting “memory cells”
