Physiology (Intro) Flashcards
Dorsal
Top half
Ventral
Bottom half
Belly legs
Anterior
Head half
Posterior
Back half
Cranial
Head side
Caudal
Ass side
Transverse plane
divides anterior and posterior
Midsagittal plane
divides right left along spine
Frontal plane
divides dorsal ventral
top bottom 4 legged animal
organizational of the animal body (4 levels)
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
All cells contain _________ and _____________
only exception is red blood cells which don’t have ________ (except in ________)
Nucleus and cytoplasm
nucleus
birds
Nucleus contains… (2)
Genes and chromosomes
Mitochondria
Energy is produced in the form of ATP
Ribosomes
where proteins are made
Endoplasmic reticulum
transport system
Golgi apparatus
site for synthesis, modification, storing, sorting, and transport of secretory products
Lysosomes
Degrades proteins, carbs, nucleic acids
white blood cells contain many
8 tissue types
- epithelial tissue
- adipose tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
- blood
- cartilage tissue
- bone
- connective tissue
organs are composed of _________ tissue types
2 or more
several organs working together =
system
11 body systems
- external body parts
- skeletal
- muscular
- circulatory
- respiratory
- urinary
- digestive
- reproductive
- nervous
- endocrine
- immune
Types of glands and purpose
Sweat glands (cooling) Ducts
Sebaceous (secrete oily substances to lubricate and provide a barrier for the skin against moisture) Secrete through hair follicle
Epidermis
outer skin
no blood cells
Dermis
inner layer, connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glands`
Subcutaneous
Adipose (fatty) tissue
Modified appendages of skin
fur, wool, horns, feathers, hooves
Molting
shedding feathers in late summer, new for winter
Forced molting
using altered light durations to bring an older flock back into lay
Cloven hoof animals
cattle, goats, sheep, swine
Non cloven hoof animals (and breed exception)
horses, camels, mule foot swine
Claws and Horns roles (2)
Defence and temperature regulation
Difference between antler and horn attachment
Antler: part of skull
Horn: connected with connective tissue
Combs and wattle role
Decorative to attract female
Functions of skeletal system
form and support
locomotion
protection
produce red blood cells
Outer layer of bone is made of
Tricalcium phosphate
Collagen
Chondroitin Sulfate
Inner layer of bone
Bone marrow
2 types of bone marrow
yellow: mostly fat
red: blood and platelet formation
What is missing in diets when leg weakness/lameness happens. Some common diet additives for this
adequate calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D
limestone, alfalfa
Prepartum diets in dairy cattle are designed to
Increase Ca Absorption
Decrease renal Ca excretion
Increase bone mobilization
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral Column
Rib cage
Appendicular Skeleton (2 parts)
Pectoral Limb (front)
Pelvic Limb (rear)
Structure of vertebrae
Spinal process
Arch surrounding spinal cord
Transverse process (what taryn broke i think)
Body
Types of vertebra (5)
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
Top Cervical Vertebrae
Purpose
Atlas
Axial
Facilitate neck movement
Thoracic Vertebrae
Largest portion of spine forming the shoulder region
Connected to ribs
Lumbar Vertebrae
Long transverse processes (TBone steak)
Sacral Vertebrae
Fused to form wedge shaped bone
joins with pelvis
Coccygeal Vertebrae
Forms tail
Number varies between species and breed
Hip cut comes from
Hip and back leg
Sirloin/loin comes from
Lumbar vertebrae
Rib cut comes from
Thoracic vertebrae
Chuck cut comes from
Cervical vertebrae
Brisket/shank comes from
ulna, radius, brisket
Flank/plate comes from
Sternum area
Ideal BSC
3
BCS Scale
1-5
Sternum gives floor to _____, attachment to ____
thorax
true ribs
False ribs
breed/species dependent
arent connected to sternum
Pectoral limbs are made up of (7)
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Perissodactyl
odd toed
Horse
Artiodactyl
even toed
cow
Pelvic limbs are made up of (7)
Pelvic girdle
Femur
Tibia
Fibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Pelvic Girdle is made up of (3)
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
