Genetics and Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

PCR (2)

A

enabled the amplification of a small amount of DNA into millions of copies
revolutionized research

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2
Q

Domestication (2)

A

process of adapting wild plants and animals
animal domestication occurred 9,000 - 12,000 BCE

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3
Q

Targets of phenotypic selection (5)

A

structural soundness
breeding soundness
udder capacity and soundness
indicators of productivity and adaptability
visible factors affecting market price (colour, muscle thickness)

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4
Q

Animal breeding taget

A

maintaining/improving the genetic value of livestock

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5
Q

Genetic progress can be developed though _____________ and ___________ (describe each)

A

selection- breeding only certain individuals for desirable traits
culling- eliminated individuals from breeding (castration, not breeding heifers, killing)

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6
Q

Heritability estimate

A

proportion of the total variation among individuals due to genetics

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7
Q

High heritability % and example

A

> 40%
Growth

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8
Q

Medium heritability % and example

A

20-35%
Function
Behaviour

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9
Q

Low heritability % and example

A

<15%
Fertility
Stamina

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10
Q

any more than 0.7 on the variability scale is due to _____________

A

environmental immpact

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11
Q

Qualitative traits (2)

A

inherited
either or

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12
Q

Quantitative traits (3)

A

many genes plus environment contribution
continuous variation of phenotype
Primary category for economically important traits

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13
Q

Study of Genetics

A

identifies genes that can enhance animal growth, health, ability to utilize nutrients

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14
Q

Study of Genomics

A

complete set of genetic information in an organism

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15
Q

Nucleotide is made of

A

pentose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base (ATGC)

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16
Q

Where is DNA found (percents)

A

98% Nucleus
2% Mitochondria

17
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA (dna replication),Transcription, mRNA (RNA replication), Translation, Protein
mRNA to DNA though reverse transcription

18
Q

Bird chromosome types

A

Female ZW
Male ZZ

19
Q

Alleles

A

different forms of the same DNA

20
Q

Genotype vs phenotype

A

genotype is alleles and genetic makeup
phenotype is what can be seen

21
Q

DNA mutations (list and describe) (6)

A

Simple substitution (one letter change)
Substitution (codon change)
Insertion (new letters (2 more basepairs))
Deletion(less of letters (2 less basepairs))
Duplication (double base pairs)
Inversion (read backwards)

22
Q

Types of mendelian inheritance (3)

A

autosomal dominant (polled)
X linked (orange cats)
Autosomal recessive (red)

23
Q

Types of non mendelian inheritance (5)

A

Polygenic inheritance (many genes involved)
Codominance (roan cattle)
Incomplete dominance (blend/middle)
Multiple alleles (colourpoint)
Sex influenced (scurs)

24
Q

Discrete vs continuous traits

A

discrete traits have two phenotypes
continuous have multiple

25
6 areas of animal biotechnology
transgenic animals xenotransplantation animal nutrition animal vaccines animal breeding embryo transfer
26
use of embryo transfer
to increase amount of offspring from one female
27
what is somatic cell nuclear transfer (5)
cloning dolly nucleus on body cell with desired genes is put into an egg cell low success
28
Transgenic animals (2)
animal carrying foreign genes foreign gene becomes heritable
29
how can transgenes be produced (4)
viral infection microinjection transfection electroporation
30
CRISPR-Cas9
bacterial defence made to cut certain DNA out and change it