Genetics and Biotechnology

Question 1

PCR (2)

Answer 1

enabled the amplification of a small amount of DNA into millions of copies
revolutionized research

Question 2

Domestication (2)

Answer 2

process of adapting wild plants and animals
animal domestication occurred 9,000 - 12,000 BCE

Question 3

Targets of phenotypic selection (5)

Answer 3

structural soundness
breeding soundness
udder capacity and soundness
indicators of productivity and adaptability
visible factors affecting market price (colour, muscle thickness)

Question 4

Animal breeding taget

Answer 4

maintaining/improving the genetic value of livestock

Question 5

Genetic progress can be developed though _____________ and ___________ (describe each)

Answer 5

selection- breeding only certain individuals for desirable traits
culling- eliminated individuals from breeding (castration, not breeding heifers, killing)

Question 6

Heritability estimate

Answer 6

proportion of the total variation among individuals due to genetics

Question 7

High heritability % and example

Answer 7

> 40%
Growth

Question 8

Medium heritability % and example

Answer 8

20-35%
Function
Behaviour

Question 9

Low heritability % and example

Answer 9

<15%
Fertility
Stamina

Question 10

any more than 0.7 on the variability scale is due to _____________

Answer 10

environmental immpact

Question 11

Qualitative traits (2)

Answer 11

inherited
either or

Question 12

Quantitative traits (3)

Answer 12

many genes plus environment contribution
continuous variation of phenotype
Primary category for economically important traits

Question 13

Study of Genetics

Answer 13

identifies genes that can enhance animal growth, health, ability to utilize nutrients

Question 14

Study of Genomics

Answer 14

complete set of genetic information in an organism

Question 15

Nucleotide is made of

Answer 15

pentose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base (ATGC)

Question 16

Where is DNA found (percents)

Answer 16

98% Nucleus
2% Mitochondria

Question 17

Central Dogma

Answer 17

DNA (dna replication),Transcription, mRNA (RNA replication), Translation, Protein
mRNA to DNA though reverse transcription

Question 18

Bird chromosome types

Answer 18

Female ZW
Male ZZ

Question 19

Alleles

Answer 19

different forms of the same DNA

Question 20

Genotype vs phenotype

Answer 20

genotype is alleles and genetic makeup
phenotype is what can be seen

Question 21

DNA mutations (list and describe) (6)

Answer 21

Simple substitution (one letter change)
Substitution (codon change)
Insertion (new letters (2 more basepairs))
Deletion(less of letters (2 less basepairs))
Duplication (double base pairs)
Inversion (read backwards)

Question 22

Types of mendelian inheritance (3)

Answer 22

autosomal dominant (polled)
X linked (orange cats)
Autosomal recessive (red)

Question 23

Types of non mendelian inheritance (5)

Answer 23

Polygenic inheritance (many genes involved)
Codominance (roan cattle)
Incomplete dominance (blend/middle)
Multiple alleles (colourpoint)
Sex influenced (scurs)

Question 24

Discrete vs continuous traits

Answer 24

discrete traits have two phenotypes
continuous have multiple

Question 25

6 areas of animal biotechnology

Answer 25

transgenic animals
xenotransplantation
animal nutrition
animal vaccines
animal breeding
embryo transfer

Question 26

use of embryo transfer

Answer 26

to increase amount of offspring from one female

Question 27

what is somatic cell nuclear transfer (5)

Answer 27

cloning
dolly
nucleus on body cell with desired genes is put into an egg cell
low success

Question 28

Transgenic animals (2)

Answer 28

animal carrying foreign genes
foreign gene becomes heritable

Question 29

how can transgenes be produced (4)

Answer 29

viral infection
microinjection
transfection
electroporation

Question 30

CRISPR-Cas9

Answer 30

bacterial defence made to cut certain DNA out and change it