Nutrition and Feeds Flashcards by Sydney H

What is a nutrient

substance that must be supplied in diet for normal life processes

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Diet definition

feedstuff or a mixture of feedstuff

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what is a ration

daily allotment of diet

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Ad libitum

as much as desired
no restrictions

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Considerations in feeding livestock (5)

Production is changing
Science is advancing
Consumer preferences and demand
Welfare
Environmental sustainability

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% Dry Matter calculation

%DM = Dry Weight/Wet Weight x100

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Typical Silage DM%

30-50%

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Typical Hay DM%

85-90%

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Typical Grain DM%

90%

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Feed to wet risks (4)

Clostridial growth
protein degradation
Excessive fermentation
Energy loss

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Feed to dry risks (3)

Poor packaging
energy loss
slow fermentation

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Influencers of forage quality greatest to least impact (6)

Maturity at harvest
Crop species
Harvest/storage
Environment
Soil fertility
Variety

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6 Nutrients

Energy
Protein
Fatty Acids
Minerals
Vitamins
Water

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Nutrients are required for (5)

Body maintenance and repair
Mobility
Warmth
Pregnancy and Lactation
Growth

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Energy is released from the oxidation of ______,______, and ______

Carbs
Fats
Proteins

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Digestible energy =

minus Fecal loss (30%)

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Metabolized energy =

minus fecal loss (30%), Gaseous loss(5%), and Urinary loss (5%)

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Net energy=

minus fecal loss (30%), Gaseous loss(5%), Urinary loss (5%), and Heat loss (20%)

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Net energy goes into what 3 sources

Maintenance
Production
Lactation

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Main organic compound found in plants

carbs

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Monosaccharides

simple sugars

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Oligosaccarides

any CHO with 3-10 monosaccharide units

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Polysaccharides

thousands of monosaccharide units

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Predominant source of carbs for ruminants

fiber found in hay, straw, and silage

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Cellulose

important structural component of plant cell walls, non digestible in monogastric systems

Hemicellulose

impact voluntary feed intake as it takes longer to break down (stay full)

Lignin

stems, leaves, husks negative impact on digestibility

Pectin

easily degraded in rumen

Starch

readily available in rumen

Function of carbs (6)

supply energy anti-ketogenic protein sparing bulk structural components improve palatability

%DM of weight intake of mature cow

1.75-2.5%

NDF and % intake restriction

Neutral detergent fiber over 70% mature plants

ADF

Least digestible portion of plants higher in grasses

Factors affecting protein requirements (3)

age body weight level of production

what are proteins made of

polymers of amino acids

is protein greater in legumes or grasses

legumes

as plants mature, protein ___________ due to level of _________ increasing

decreases carbs

why is protein necessary

it supplies amino acids which are needed to build muscle

monogastric protein sources (3)

oilseed/pulse meals pulse/legume grains animal by-products

ruminant protein sources (3)

legumes grains urea

how is protein measured in feed

analysing nitrogen content as protein is 16% nitrogen does not account for non protein nitrogen

Factors determining protein quality (2)

amino acid balance digestibility

Essential Amino Acids (10) PVT TIM HALL

Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine

4 most limiting amino acids

Lysine Methionine Threonine Tryptophan

Use of NPN in ruminants

source of N for microbial growth

Lipids have more C and H than O resulting in a more _____________________________

Concentrated energy source

Lipids have _______% more energy than carbs and proteins

2.25%

Saturated fatty acids features (2)

No double bonds solid at room temp

Unsaturated fatty acids features (2)

1+ double bonds liquid at room temp

Omega 6 fatty acid name

Linoleic

Omega 3 fatty acid name

Linolenic

Common saturated fat sources (3)

Tallow Lard Grease

Common unsaturated fat sources (4)

Canola oil Soybean oil Sunflower oil Safflower oil

Reasons for fat supplementation (5)

Provide energy improve palatability lubrication improve diet handline Provide fat soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids

Mineral and vitamin needs change based on (6)

Winter feed vs pasture plant species and stage forage management soil type weather water quality

Minerals are __________ elements

inorganic

Macrominerals (7)

Calcium Potassium Chlorine Sodium Phosphorus Sulfur Magnesium

Function of minerals (4)

Maintain acid base balance and osmotic pressure digestive acids muscle contraction coenzymes

Calcium functions (5)

bone formation muscle contraction nerve function blood clotting egg shell formation

Calcium deficiency symptoms (4)

rickets osteomalacia milk fever cage layer fatigue

Calcium Sources (4)

limestone dicalcium phosphate meat/bone meal alfalfa

Phosphorus functions (2)

bone formation metabolic processes

Phosphorus sources (3)

dicalcium phosphate meat/bone meal plant sources

Phosphorus Deficiency (2)

pica leg weakness

Sulfur functions (3)

building blocks for amino acids and b vitamins detox reactions required for rumial microbes

Sulfur sources (5)

sodium ammonium potassium magnesium sulphate

Sulfur issues (1)

high levels in some feeds (brassicas)

Magnesium functions (3)

activator for metabolic enzymes glucose breakdown DNA replication

Magnesium sources (1)

magnesium oxide

Magnesium issues (1)

grass tetany

Potassium functions (2)

ubiquitous in body required in large amounts

Potassium Sources (1)

forages

Sodium and chlorine functions (3)

osmotic balance muscle and nerve function (sodium) HCl (chlorine)

Sodium and chlorine sources (1)

NaCl

Fat soluble vitamins (4)

a e d k

Vitamin functions (5)

regulate body processes growth and development build and maintain tissue assist in energy use health maintenance

Vit A Functions (4)

vision epithelial tissue function bone growth resistance to infection

Vit A Deficiency symptoms (6)

edema abnormal bone growth rough coat night blindness low conception reduced growth and feed efficiency

Vit D Functions (3)

Ca & P metabolism bone growth immune response

Vit D Deficiency Symptoms (3)

Rickets osteomalacia milk fever

Vit E Functions (2)

Antioxidant Glutathione peroxidase

Vit E deficiency symptoms (1)

white muscle disease

Vit K Function

blood clotting

Vit K antagonists (3)

Dicoumerol warfarin mycotoxins

How many B vitamins are there? what do they contain

9 cobalt

Thiamine functions (4)

CO2 metabolism Pyruvate decarboxylase Transketolase Ketoglutarate Decarboxylase

Thiamine potential problems

PEM

functions of water (6)

temp regulation chemical reactions joint lubrication organ cushioning transportation sight and sound

Symptoms of water deprivation (7)

reduce feed intake increase HR increase body temp increase respiration tingling and numbness headache and nausea death