Nutrition and Feeds Flashcards
What is a nutrient
substance that must be supplied in diet for normal life processes
Diet definition
feedstuff or a mixture of feedstuff
what is a ration
daily allotment of diet
Ad libitum
as much as desired
no restrictions
Considerations in feeding livestock (5)
Production is changing
Science is advancing
Consumer preferences and demand
Welfare
Environmental sustainability
% Dry Matter calculation
%DM = Dry Weight/Wet Weight x100
Typical Silage DM%
30-50%
Typical Hay DM%
85-90%
Typical Grain DM%
90%
Feed to wet risks (4)
Clostridial growth
protein degradation
Excessive fermentation
Energy loss
Feed to dry risks (3)
Poor packaging
energy loss
slow fermentation
Influencers of forage quality greatest to least impact (6)
Maturity at harvest
Crop species
Harvest/storage
Environment
Soil fertility
Variety
6 Nutrients
Energy
Protein
Fatty Acids
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
Nutrients are required for (5)
Body maintenance and repair
Mobility
Warmth
Pregnancy and Lactation
Growth
Energy is released from the oxidation of ______,______, and ______
Carbs
Fats
Proteins
Digestible energy =
minus Fecal loss (30%)
Metabolized energy =
minus fecal loss (30%), Gaseous loss(5%), and Urinary loss (5%)
Net energy=
minus fecal loss (30%), Gaseous loss(5%), Urinary loss (5%), and Heat loss (20%)
Net energy goes into what 3 sources
Maintenance
Production
Lactation
Main organic compound found in plants
carbs
Monosaccharides
simple sugars
Oligosaccarides
any CHO with 3-10 monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides
thousands of monosaccharide units
Predominant source of carbs for ruminants
fiber found in hay, straw, and silage
Cellulose
important structural component of plant cell walls, non digestible in monogastric systems
Hemicellulose
impact voluntary feed intake as it takes longer to break down (stay full)
Lignin
stems, leaves, husks
negative impact on digestibility
Pectin
easily degraded in rumen
Starch
readily available in rumen
Function of carbs (6)
supply energy
anti-ketogenic
protein sparing
bulk
structural components
improve palatability
%DM of weight intake of mature cow
1.75-2.5%
NDF and % intake restriction
Neutral detergent fiber
over 70%
mature plants
ADF
Least digestible portion of plants
higher in grasses
Factors affecting protein requirements (3)
age
body weight
level of production
what are proteins made of
polymers of amino acids
is protein greater in legumes or grasses
legumes
as plants mature, protein ___________
due to level of _________ increasing
decreases
carbs
why is protein necessary
it supplies amino acids which are needed to build muscle
monogastric protein sources (3)
oilseed/pulse meals
pulse/legume grains
animal by-products
ruminant protein sources (3)
legumes
grains
urea
how is protein measured in feed
analysing nitrogen content as protein is 16% nitrogen
does not account for non protein nitrogen
Factors determining protein quality (2)
amino acid balance
digestibility
Essential Amino Acids (10) PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
4 most limiting amino acids
Lysine
Methionine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Use of NPN in ruminants
source of N for microbial growth
Lipids have more C and H than O resulting in a more _____________________________
Concentrated energy source
Lipids have _______% more energy than carbs and proteins
2.25%
Saturated fatty acids features (2)
No double bonds
solid at room temp
Unsaturated fatty acids features (2)
1+ double bonds
liquid at room temp
Omega 6 fatty acid name
Linoleic
Omega 3 fatty acid name
Linolenic
Common saturated fat sources (3)
Tallow
Lard
Grease
Common unsaturated fat sources (4)
Canola oil
Soybean oil
Sunflower oil
Safflower oil
Reasons for fat supplementation (5)
Provide energy
improve palatability
lubrication
improve diet handline
Provide fat soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids
Mineral and vitamin needs change based on (6)
Winter feed vs pasture
plant species and stage
forage management
soil type
weather
water quality
Minerals are __________ elements
inorganic
Macrominerals (7)
Calcium
Potassium
Chlorine
Sodium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Magnesium
Function of minerals (4)
Maintain acid base balance and osmotic pressure
digestive acids
muscle contraction
coenzymes
Calcium functions (5)
bone formation
muscle contraction
nerve function
blood clotting
egg shell formation
Calcium deficiency symptoms (4)
rickets
osteomalacia
milk fever
cage layer fatigue
Calcium Sources (4)
limestone
dicalcium phosphate
meat/bone meal
alfalfa
Phosphorus functions (2)
bone formation
metabolic processes
Phosphorus sources (3)
dicalcium phosphate
meat/bone meal
plant sources
Phosphorus Deficiency (2)
pica
leg weakness
Sulfur functions (3)
building blocks for amino acids and b vitamins
detox reactions
required for rumial microbes
Sulfur sources (5)
sodium
ammonium
potassium
magnesium
sulphate
Sulfur issues (1)
high levels in some feeds (brassicas)
Magnesium functions (3)
activator for metabolic enzymes
glucose breakdown
DNA replication
Magnesium sources (1)
magnesium oxide
Magnesium issues (1)
grass tetany
Potassium functions (2)
ubiquitous in body
required in large amounts
Potassium Sources (1)
forages
Sodium and chlorine functions (3)
osmotic balance
muscle and nerve function (sodium)
HCl (chlorine)
Sodium and chlorine sources (1)
NaCl
Fat soluble vitamins (4)
a
e
d
k
Vitamin functions (5)
regulate body processes
growth and development
build and maintain tissue
assist in energy use
health maintenance
Vit A Functions (4)
vision
epithelial tissue function
bone growth
resistance to infection
Vit A Deficiency symptoms (6)
edema
abnormal bone growth
rough coat
night blindness
low conception
reduced growth and feed efficiency
Vit D Functions (3)
Ca & P metabolism
bone growth
immune response
Vit D Deficiency Symptoms (3)
Rickets
osteomalacia
milk fever
Vit E Functions (2)
Antioxidant
Glutathione peroxidase
Vit E deficiency symptoms (1)
white muscle disease
Vit K Function
blood clotting
Vit K antagonists (3)
Dicoumerol
warfarin
mycotoxins
How many B vitamins are there? what do they contain
9
cobalt
Thiamine functions (4)
CO2 metabolism
Pyruvate decarboxylase
Transketolase
Ketoglutarate Decarboxylase
Thiamine potential problems
PEM
functions of water (6)
temp regulation
chemical reactions
joint lubrication
organ cushioning
transportation
sight and sound
Symptoms of water deprivation (7)
reduce feed intake
increase HR
increase body temp
increase respiration
tingling and numbness
headache and nausea
death