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Anatomy and Physiology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the breast?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

Internal mammary chain

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3
Q

What happens to oestrogen, progesterone and prostaglandin levels during menstruation?

A

Decreased oestrogen and progesterone

Increased prostaglandin

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4
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

Stratum basalis

Stratum functionalis

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5
Q

What stimulates a decrease in FSH in the preovulatory phase (days 6-13)?

A

Oestrogen and inhibin secreted by follicles

FSH declines and the follicle with the most FSH receptors becomes the dominant follicle

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6
Q

What is the name of the mature follicle?

A

Graafian

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7
Q

What is the role of oestrogen in stimulating ovulation?

A

Increased GnRH release

Increased LH release

Secreted by growing ovarian follicles

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8
Q

Which hormone surges during ovulation?

A

LH

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9
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone - prepares the endometrium, inhibits GnRH + LH

Oestrogen - prepares the endometrium, inhibits GnRH + LH

Relaxin - inhibits uterine contractions

Inhibin - inhibits FSH release

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10
Q

What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropic hormone following fertilisation?

A

Inhibits degeneration of the corpus luteum

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11
Q

Which vessel supplies oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus?

A

Umbilical vein

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12
Q

Which vessel returns deoxygenated blood from the fetal internal iliac arteries to the placenta?

A

Umbilical arteries

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13
Q

What is the name of a mature sperm?

A

Spermatozoa

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14
Q

What is the name for sperm that are yet to develop/mature?

A

Spermatogonia

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15
Q

Which hormone triggers the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm from entering the uterus?

A

Progesterone

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16
Q

Which nerve causes male ejaculation?

A

Pudendal

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17
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the distal vagina and vulva?

A

Superficial inguinal

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18
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the proximal vaginal and uterus?

A

Obturator, external iliac, hypogastric

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19
Q

Which ligament connects the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries to the side wall of the pelvis?

A

Broad ligament

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20
Q

Which cells of the testes secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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21
Q

Which cells of the testes function to support and nourish developing spermatozoa?

A

Sertoli cells

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22
Q

Which cells of the follicle/ovary secrete oestrogen?

A

Granulosa cells

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23
Q

What type of epithelium is found at the vagina?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

What type of epithelium is found at the uterus?

A

Simple columnar with long tubular glands

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25
Q

Which hormone is responsible for lactational amenorrhoea?

A

Prolactin → suppression of GnRH

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26
Q

What suppresses lactogenesis during pregnancy?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

Levels decrease with placental delivery

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27
Q

Which hormone stimulates the milk ejection reflex?

A

Oxytocin

In response to infant crying or suckling

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28
Q

What are the stages of cervical remodelling with pregnancy?

A
  1. Softening
  2. Ripening
  3. Dilation
  4. Postpartum repair
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29
Q

What causes the positive contractile feedback loop during pregnancy?

A

Increased cervical stretch → oxytocin secretion → increased uterine contractions → foetus moves inferiorly and stretches the cervix

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30
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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31
Q

Where do sperm mature and are stored?

A

Epididymis

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32
Q

Which muscles form the shaft of the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa

Corpus spongiosum

Covered by tunica albuginea

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33
Q

What is the male homologue for the ovary?

A

Testis

Both produce gametes and sex hormones

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34
Q

What is the male homologue for the clitoris?

A

Glans of penis

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35
Q

What is the male homolgue of the labia majora?

A

Scrotum

Protect and cover reproductive structures

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36
Q

What is the male homologue of the vestibular glands?

A

Bulbourethral glands/Cowper’s glands

  • Vestibular glands = Bartholin glands*
  • Both secrete mucous for lubrication*
37
Q

What are the divisions of the broad ligament?

A
  1. Mesometrium
  2. Mesovarium
  3. Mesosalpinx
38
Q

What is the function of the ovarian ligament?

A

Connects the ovary to the side of the uterus

39
Q

Which ligament contains the ovarian vessels and nerves?

A

Suspensory ligement of the ovary

40
Q

What type of cells line the fallopian tubes?

A

Cilialted columnar epithelial cells with peg cells (secretory)

41
Q

What are the four parts of the fallopian tube?

A
  1. Fibriae
  2. Infundibulum
  3. Ampulla
  4. Isthmus
42
Q

What is the blood supply of the fallopian tubes?

A

Uterine and ovarian arteries

(drainage is the same)

43
Q

What is the blood supply of the uterus?

A

Uterine artery (from the internal iliac artery)

44
Q

What is the blood supply of the ovaries?

A

Ovarian artery (from the aorta, below the renal artery)

45
Q

What is the vulva?

A

Term for female external genitalia

46
Q

What is the vaginal vestibule?

A

Area enclosed by the labia minor

Contains the urethral and vaginal orifices

47
Q

What is the anatomical relationship between the uterine vessels and the ureter?

A

The water runs under the bridge

Significant when clipping the ovarian vessels during a hystrectomy

48
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the uterus

A

Fundus: aortic nodes (drains with ovarian vessels)

Body: external iliac, superficial inguinal (nodes along the external iliac vessels)

Cervix: external iliac, internal iliac, sacral

49
Q

What is the function of tall columnar cells in the cervical canal?

A

Secretion of alkaline mucous which forms an alkaline cervical plug, filling the canal

50
Q

What is a septate uterus?

A
51
Q

What is a bicornuate uterus?

A
52
Q

What are the two phases in the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular

Luteal (constant; 14 days)

53
Q

What is the dominant hormone in the luteal phase?

A

Progesterone

54
Q

When does body temperature rise with the menstrual cycle?

A

At ovulation

55
Q

What is the function of theca cells?

A

Production of androstenedione (an androgen)

  • Occurs in response to LH*
  • Theca cells are found in follicles*
56
Q

Which cells of the follicle respond to FSH and convert androgens to estradiol?

A

Granulosa

57
Q

What hormonal change leads to constriction of the spiral arteries and endometrial necrosis (menstruation)?

A

Progesterone withdrawal

The corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone

58
Q

Which hormone do theca cells respond to?

A

LH

Stimulates androgen production

59
Q

Which hormone to granulosa cells respond to?

A

FSH

60
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells?

A

Convert androgens to estradiol

61
Q

How are estrogens produced?

A

Testosterone/androstenedione (androgens) → estrogen

By the enzyme aromatase

62
Q

Where are granulosa cells found?

A

Around the oocyte

63
Q

Where are theca cells found?

A

Around developing follicles

64
Q

Which vessels are found within the suspensory ligament of the ovaries?

A

The ovarian vessels

65
Q

Which vessels are found within the transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament?

A

The uterine vessels

66
Q

Which vessels are found within the round ligament?

A

0

Maintains anteversion of the uterus

67
Q

Which ligament attaches the ovary to the uterus?

A

The ligament of the ovary

68
Q

What is the name of the space between the uterus and the rectus?

A

The pouch of Douglas

69
Q

How long does it take for the development of a mature spermatid?

A

2 months

70
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur in the testis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

71
Q

In spermatogenesis, what are the immature and mature sperm called?

A

Immature = spermatogonium

Mature = spermatozoan

72
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

Synthesise and secrete testosterone

73
Q

What hormone to Leydig cells respond to?

A

LH

74
Q

What do Sertoli cells do?

A

Support spermatogenesis

75
Q

What hormone do Sertoli cells respond to?

A

FSH

76
Q

What are the 3 ligaments which support the uterus?

A
  1. Pubocervical
  2. Cardinal/transverse
  3. Uterosacral
77
Q

What is the infundibulopelvic ligament?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

Contains the ovarian vessels

78
Q

Which artery runs under the round ligament?

A

Sampson’s artery

Anastomosis of the ovarian and uterine artery

79
Q

How is testosterone produced in males?

A

Leydig cells (adjacent to seminiferous tubules)

80
Q

Where is testosterone synthesised in females?

A
  1. Adrenal gland (25%)
  2. Ovary (25% - theca cells)
  3. Peripheral conversion of androstenedione (50%)
81
Q

Where is androstenodione produced?

A

Ovary 50%

Adrenal gland 50%

82
Q

What is the innervation of the cervix?

A

Vagus nerve

Stimulation e.g., Mirena insertion can cause vasovagal symptoms

83
Q

What is the function of Skene’s glands?

A

They secrete a fluid that helps lubricate the urethral opening

84
Q

What is the dominant hormone in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone

85
Q

What are the mullerian ducts?

A

Embryological derivative of the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina

(paramesonephric ducts)

86
Q

What are the Wolffian ducts?

A

Embryological derivative of the epididymis, vas deference, vesicles and ejaculatory ducts

(mesonephric ducts)

87
Q

What is the function of the round ligament?

A

Anteversion

88
Q

Where does the ureter run under the uterine artery?

A

Pelvic brim

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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