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Anatomy and Physiology > Lower limb > Flashcards

Lower limb Flashcards

1
Q
A

Iliacus

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2
Q
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Psoas major

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3
Q
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Gluteus maximus

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4
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Gluteus medius

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5
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Gluteus minimus

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6
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A

Tensor fasciae latae

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7
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A

Superior gemellus

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8
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Inferior gemellus

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9
Q
A

Quadratus femoris

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10
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Piriformis

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11
Q
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Psoas minor

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12
Q
A

Adductor magnus

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13
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A

Adductor longus

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14
Q
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Adductor brevis

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15
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Adductor minimus

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16
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A

Pectineus

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17
Q
A

Rectus femoris

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18
Q
A

Vastus lateralis

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19
Q
A

Vastus medialis

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20
Q
A

Vastus intermedius

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21
Q
A

Quadriceps femoris

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22
Q
A

Sartorius

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23
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A

Biceps femoris

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24
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A

Semitendinosus

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25
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A

Semimembranosus

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26
Q
A

Gracilis

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27
Q
A

Tibialis posterior

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28
Q
A

Popliteus

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29
Q
A

Plantaris

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30
Q
A

Flexor digitorum longus

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31
Q
A

Flexor hallucis longus

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32
Q
A

Gastrocnemius

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33
Q
A

Soleus

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34
Q
A

Semimembranosus

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35
Q
A

Interosseous membrane

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36
Q
A

Extensor hallucis longus

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37
Q
A

Tibialis anterior

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38
Q
A

Semitendinosus

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39
Q
A

Extensor digitorum longus

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40
Q
A

Fibularis longus

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41
Q
A

Fibularis brevis

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42
Q
A

Lumbrical muscles

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43
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

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44
Q

What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Quadratus femoris

Piriformis

Gemellus superior and inferior

Obturator internus

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45
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris (vastus medialis and lateralis, rectus femoris)

Iliopsoas muscle

Sartorius

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46
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

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47
Q

What are the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Gracilis

Pectineus

Obturator externus

Adductor brevis

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

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48
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the intermediate compartment of the thigh?

A

Hip adduction “hip adductors”

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49
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

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50
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior component of the thigh?

A

Biceps femoris

Semitendiosus

Semimembranosus

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51
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Extension at the hip and flexion of the knee

“hamstrings”

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52
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve

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53
Q

What are the branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

Sciatic –> tibial + common fibular

Common fibular –> superficial fibular

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54
Q

What is the motor function of the femoral nerve?

A

Anterior thigh muscles

Hip flexors + knee extensors

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55
Q

What is the motor function of the obturator nerve?

A

Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

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56
Q

What is the motor function of the sciatic nerve?

A

Posterior compartment of the thigh

Tibial nerve - the muscles of the posterior leg (calf muscles), and some of the intrinsic muscles of the foot

Common fibular nerve - the muscles of the anterior leg, lateral leg, and the remaining intrinsic foot muscles

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57
Q

What is the motor function of the tibial nerve?

A

Muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg

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58
Q

What are the motor functions of the common fibular nerve?

A

Short head of the biceps femoris

Superficial fibular - lateral compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis)

Deep fibular nerve - anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)

59
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Fibularis tertius (not present in all individuals and often considered part of the extensor digitorum longus)

60
Q

What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

(eversion of the foot)

61
Q

What are the superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius

Plantaris

Soleus

(all insert into the calcaneus of the foot via the calcaneal tendon)

62
Q

What are the deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Popliteus

Tibialis posterior

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexor hallucis longus

63
Q

What are the features of a femoral nerve compression?

A

Quadriceps weakness and sensory loss

64
Q

What are the features of a sciatic nerve compression?

A

Leg pain and weakness affecting most lower leg muscles

Normal knee jerk, absent ankle jerk

65
Q

What are the features of damage to the common fibular nerve?

A

Foot drop

Commonly caused by damage to the fibular

66
Q

What are the features of a peroneal neuropathy?

Peroneal nerve = common fibular

A

Weakness on foot dorsiflexion and eversion, sensory loss on dorsum of foot, reflexes normal

67
Q
A

Anterior cruciate ligament

68
Q
A

Lateral collateral ligament

(fibular collateral ligament)

69
Q
A

Gerdy’s tubercle

70
Q
A

Head of the fibula

71
Q
A

Intercondylar eminence

72
Q
A

Lateral condyle of the tibia

73
Q
A

Lateral malleolus

74
Q
A

Lateral meniscus

75
Q
A

Medial condyle of the tibia

76
Q
A

Medial malleolus

77
Q
A

Medial meniscus

78
Q
A

Neck of the fibula

79
Q
A

Oblique popliteal ligament

80
Q
A

Patellar ligament

81
Q
A

Posterior cruciate ligament

82
Q
A

Medial collateral ligament

(tibial collateral ligament)

83
Q
A

Transverse ligament of the knee

84
Q
A

Anterior lateral malleolar artery

85
Q
A

Anterior medial malleolar artery

86
Q
A

Anterior tibial artery

87
Q
A

Common fibular nerve

88
Q
A

Deep fibular nerve

89
Q
A

Popliteal artery

90
Q
A

Popliteal vein

91
Q
A

Posterior tibial artery

92
Q
A

Superficial fibular nerve

93
Q
A

Superior medial genicular artery

94
Q
A

Tibial nerves

95
Q

Inside of which structure does the patella lie?

A

Quadriceps tendon

96
Q

What is the blood supply of the knee?

A

Genicular anastomoses

(from the femoral and popliteal arteries)

97
Q

What are the four major bursae of the knee?

A
  1. Suprapatella
  2. Prepatella
  3. Infrapatella
  4. Semimembranous
98
Q

Damage to the tibial collateral ligament is likely to also affect which structure?

A

Medial meniscus

99
Q

What is the common insertion for the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Calcaneus of the foot via the calcaneal tendon

100
Q

Which three muscles insert into the pes anserine?

A
  1. Sartorius
  2. Gracilis
  3. Semitendinosus
101
Q

What inserts into Gerdy’s tubercle?

102
Q

What structures pass through the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

Popliteal vein

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

103
Q

What forms the superior margin of the popliteal fossa?

A

Hamstring muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris)

104
Q

What forms the medial margin of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

105
Q

What forms the lateral margin of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

106
Q

What forms the inferior margin of the popliteal fossa?

A

Gastrocnemius

107
Q

What are the attachments for the ACL?

A

Anterior intercondylar tibia

Lateral femoral condyle (medial aspect)

108
Q

What are the attachments for the PCL?

A

Posterior intercondylar tibia

Medial femoral condyle (lateral aspect)

109
Q

Which part of the knee menisci are vascularised?

A

Peripheral (central tears do not cause haematoma formation)

The inner 2/3 are nourished by synovial fluid

110
Q

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

As it passes through the adductor hiatus

111
Q

What are the 3 branches of the deep femoral artery?

A
  1. Perforating branches - perforates the adductor magnus, supplying muscles in the medial and posterior thigh
  2. Lateral femoral circumflex
  3. Medial femoral circumflex
112
Q

The femoral artery is a branch of which major vessel?

A

External iliac

113
Q

The obturator artery is a branch of which major vessel?

A

Internal iliac

114
Q

The gluteal arteries arise from which major artery?

A

Internal iliac

115
Q

Which muscle separates the superior and inferior gluteal arteries?

A

Piriformis divides the arteries as they pass through the greater sciatic foramen

116
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Superior: inguinal ligament

Lateral: sartorius

Medial: adductor longus

117
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein empty?

A

Popliteal vein

118
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior leg?

A

Deep fibular

119
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the lateral leg?

A

Superficial fibular

120
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior leg?

121
Q

What are the actions of the sartorius?

A

Hip flexion, abduction and lateral rotation

Knee flexion

122
Q

What action does the long head of the biceps femoris do that the short head does not?

A

Extension and lateral rotation of the hip

(both do knee flexion)

123
Q

What is the innervation of the long and short heads of the biceps femoris?

A

Long: tibial division of the sciatic nerve

Short: common fibular division of the sciatic nerve

124
Q

Which muscle is not in the posterior compartment of the thigh but has a hamstring component?

A

Adductor magnus

Can also extend the thigh

125
Q

What is the innervation of the hamstring part of the abductor magnus?

A

Tibial part of sciatic nerve

126
Q

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

Adductor canal

127
Q

What is the blood supply to the ACL/PCL?

A

Middle geniculate artery

128
Q

Which two muscles in the lower limb run counterintuitively and cross over?

A

Flexor hallucis longus

Flexor digitorum longus

129
Q

What is the most commonly fractured tarsal bone?

130
Q

What are the five tarsal bones?

A
  1. Calcaneus
  2. Talus
  3. Navicular
  4. Cuboid
  5. Cuneiformis
131
Q

What landmark can be used to help find the dorsalis pedis pulse?

A

Externsor hallucis longus tendon

Lateral

132
Q

Which structures pass through the tarsal tunnel?

A
  1. Tendon of the tibialis posterior
  2. Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus
  3. Posterior tibial artery
  4. Associated veins
  5. Tibial nerve
  6. Tendon of the flexor hallucis longus

Tom, Dick And Very Naughty Harry

133
Q

What makes the navicular prone to stress fractures?

A

Central navicular is in a watershed zone between the dorsalis pedis artery and the tibialis posterior artery

134
Q

What is the clinical term for bunions?

A

Hallux valgus

135
Q

Which muscles are involved in foot eversion?

A

Fibularis longus and brevis (lateral - superficial fibular nerve)

Fibularis tertius (anterior - deep fibular nerve)

136
Q

Which muscles are involved in foot inversion?

A

Tibialis anterior and posterior

137
Q

What are the two major superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great saphenous

Small saphenous

138
Q

Which veins form the great saphenous vein?

A

Dorsal venous arch of the foot

Dorsal vein of the great toe

(runs medially)

139
Q

Which veins form the small saphenous vein?

A

Dorsal venous arch

Dorsal vein of the little toe

140
Q

What is the venous drainage of the plantar arch?

A

Posterior tibial and fibular veins

141
Q

Which arteries supply the knee?

A

Genicular (from the femoral artery)

142
Q

What are the borders of the adductor canal?

A

Anteromedial: sartorius

Lateral: vastus medialis

Posterior: adductor longus and adductor magnus

143
Q

What are the contents of the adductor canal?

A

Femoral artery

Femoral vein

Saphenous nerve (largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve)

Nerve to the vastus medialis

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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