Head and neck

Question 1

Which four arteries anastomose in Little’s area?

Answer 1

1. Anterior ethmoidal
2. Sphenopalatine
3. Great palatine
4. Superior labial

Question 2

What is the arterial supply of the scalp?

Answer 2

• External carotid*
• Superficial temporal artery
• Occipital artery
• Posterior auricular artery
• Internal carotid*
• Ophthalmic artery

Question 3

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 3

Superior - inferior border of the mandible

Laterally - medial border of the sternocleidomastoid

Medially - imaginary sagittal line down midline of body

Question 4

What are the major structures in the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 4

Common carotid artery

Internal jugular vein

Cranial nerves VII, IX, X, XI and XII

Question 5

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 5

Anterior - posterior border of the SCM

Posterior - anterior border of the trapezius muscle

Inferior - middle 1/3 of the clavicle

Question 6

Answer 6

Geniohyoid (genio = chin)

Moves the hyoid bone forward and supports opening and lateral movement of the mandible

Question 7

Answer 7

Longus capitis

Ventral and lateral flexion of the neck

Question 8

Answer 8

Longus colli

Ventral and lateral flexion of the neck

Question 9

Answer 9

Platysma

Depression of the lower jaw, bottom lip and corners of the mouth

Tenses and shortens the skin of the neck

Question 10

Answer 10

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 11

Answer 11

Omohyoid

Depresses the body of hyoid and larynx

Prevents the jugular vein from collapsing and maintains a low pressure in the vein, increasing blood return

Question 12

Answer 12

Digastric

Elevates the body of hyoid during swallowing and helps keep the mouth open

Question 13

Answer 13

Mylohyoid

Elevation of the floor of the mouth, but also assists in jaw opening and chewing movements

Question 14

Answer 14

Posterior scalene

Elevates the second rib

Question 15

Answer 15

Middle scalene

Elevates the first rib

Question 16

Answer 16

Anterior scalene

Elevates the first rib

Question 17

Answer 17

Stylohoid

Elevates the body of hyoid and larynx

Question 18

Answer 18

Sternohyoid

Depresses the body of hyoid and laryx

Question 19

Answer 19

Thyrohyoid and sternothyroid

Thyrohyoid - elevation of the larynx

Sternothyroid- depression of the laryn

Question 20

Answer 20

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 21

Answer 21

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

Question 22

Answer 22

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 23

Answer 23

Stylopharyngeus

Question 24

Answer 24

Palatopharyngeal muscle

Question 25

Answer 25

Salpingopharyngeal muscle

Question 26

What are the four infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 26

1. Omohyoid 2. Thyrohoid 3. Sternothyroid 4. Stenohyoid

Question 27

What are the four suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 27

1. Stylohyoid 2. Mylohyoid 3. Geniohyoid 4. Digastric muscle

Question 28

What are the layers of the skull?

Answer 28

S - skin C - connective tissue) A - apnoneurosis (galeal) L - loose connective tissue P - periosteum

Question 29

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

Answer 29

Superior: posterior belly of the **digastric muscle** Lateral: medial border of the **sternocleidomastoid muscle** Inferior: superior belly of the **omohyoid muscle**

Question 30

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

Answer 30

Inferior: **hyoid bone** Medial: **midline** of the neck Lateral: anterior belly of the **digastric**

Question 31

What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?

Answer 31

Superior: body of the **mandible** Anterior: **anterior belly of the digastric muscle** Posterior: **posterior belly of te digastric muscle**

Question 32

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

Answer 32

Superior: **hyoid** bone Medial: **midline** of the neck Supero-lateral: superior belly of the **omohyoid muscle** Infero-laterally: inferior portion of the **sternocleidomastoid muscle**

Question 33

Which muscle divides the posterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 33

Inferior belly of the omohyoid ## Footnote *Occipital and subclavian triangles*

Question 34

What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

Answer 34

Dampen sounds ## Footnote *Damage to CN VII causes hyperacusis*