Reproductive 4 Flashcards
Implantation of the placenta over or near cervix, in lower part of the uterus
Placenta Previa
Placenta may completely or partially cover the opening of the cervix
Placenta Previa
Fibroids and scars in the uterus are common risk factor
Placenta previa
Ultrasonography used to identify this pathology
Placenta Previa
caesarean section is almost always performed
before labour begins.
Placenta Previa
placenta tends to become detached very early, depriving the baby of its oxygen supply.
Placenta previa
Aka placental abruption
premature detachment of a
normally positioned placenta from the wall of the uterus
Abruptio Placentae
This complication is more common among women who have high blood pressure (including preeclampsia) and among women who use cocaine.
Abruptio Placentae
uterus bleeds from the site where the placenta was attached.
Abruptio Placentae
Symptoms depend on the degree of detachment and the amount of blood lost (which may be massive)
Abruptio Placentae
Aka molar pregnancy
- growth of an abnormal fertilized egg
- Growths are not viable
Hydatidiform mole
- During fertilization, maternal chromosomes are lost, and paternal chromosomes duplicate
- Incorrect genetic makeup
Hydatidiform Mole
Moles have 46 XX or 46 XY karyotype, all from the father
Complete mole
Moles evolve from oocytes fertilized with 1 or 2 spermazoa, therefore, cells have 69 or 92 chromosomes
Incomplete moles
- Risk highest for pregnant women before age 17 or late 30’s+
- Nearly 10 times more common in asian women
Hydatidiform mole
Grow much faster than fetus, causing abdomen to become larger faster
Hydatidiform mole
- No fetal movement or heartbeat detected
- As parts decay, small amounts resembling a bunch of grapes may pass through vagina
Hydatidiform mole
If present, levels of hCG may be high
Hydatidiform mole
15-20% of hydatidiform moles invade surrounding tissue
Invasive mole
- 2-3% of these can become cancerous and spread through body
- Can spread quick through blood/lymph systems
Choriocarcinomas
malignant tumour composed of cytotrophoblastic
and syncytiotrophoblastic cells
Choriocarcinoma
High cure rates except for those with brain metastasis
Choriocarcinoma
Most common inflammatory disease of the breast
Mastitis
- Caused by purulent bacteria
- Affecting women who are lactating
- Microbes invade breast through milk ducts
Mastitis
- Stagnant milk provides good growth area for bacteria
- Causes swelling of breast or localized abcess to form
Mastitis
- Entire area is edematous and infiltrated with acute inflammatory cells (PMNs)
Mastitis
- Excratory ducts may contain pus, and if massive suppuration occurs in conjunction w/ destruction of tissue, abcess will develop
Mastitis
Common benign breast irregularities
* Tissue nodularity
Benign breast disease and fibroadenoma
Causes nodularity, mastalgia, biliateral swelling, nipple discharge
Benign breast disease and fibroadenoma
Normal fat cells in breast become round, firm lumps made up of fatty tissue
Fat necrosis
Most often in obese women with large breasts or after injury to breast
Fat necrosis
Inadequate blood supply causes some cells to die and release particles of fat
Fat necrosis
- Breast cancer that starts in milk ducts
- 80%
Ductal carcinoma
- Breast cancer that starts in milk producing glands
- 20%
Lobular carcinoma
M/c type of in situ cancer, precancerous, highly treatable
Ductal carcinoma in situ
- Most common invasive breast cancer
- begins in duct
- breaks through duct wall
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Grows through wall of lobule and spreads via lymphatics
Invasive lobular carcinoma
Uncommon ductal carcinomas, invasive but better outcome than other types
Medullary, tubular, mucinous carcinoma
rare, aggressive, invasive ductal cancer, presents similar to infection
Inflammatory breast cancer
rare ductal cancer arising near ducts of nipple
Pagets disease of the nipple
Local extension may involve chest wall, ribs, pleura, lungs, bronchi, vertebrae
Breast cancer metastasis
