Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systemic Pathology > Class 8 - Respiratory 4 > Flashcards

Class 8 - Respiratory 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Defect in visceral pleura or chest wall causing air or gas accumulation in pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Result of pneumothorax

A

Collapse of lung (atelectasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary/secondary pneumothorax causes

A

Primary: idiopathic
Secondary: COPD, CF, lung pathologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pneumothorax Incidence and Risk factors

A
  • men 5 more likely (any age)
  • smoking
  • iatrogenic or non-iatrogenic trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pneumothorax Pathogenesis

A
  • Air enters pleural cavity
  • Pleura separation destorys negative pressure and lung collapses towards hulum
  • Mediastinal shift towards unaffected side which compresses opposite lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

A

Due to blebs and bullae or due to TB, lung abscess or other lung disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Traumatic Pneumothorax

A

occurs following penetrating or non-penetrating chest trauma (rib fracture, stab, bullet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Iatrogenic Pneumothorax

A

occurs during medical procedure (biopsy, CPR, etc.) – is considered to be traumatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Open pneumothorax

A

traumatic type that occurs when air is drawn into lungs upon inspiration and forced out upon expiration

AKA Sucking chest wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

Significant respiratory impairment or issues with blood circulation. This is a medical emergency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pneumothorax clinical manifestation

A

dyspnea, sharp chest pain, low blood pressure or weak pulse, techypenia, tracheal devation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pneumothorax diagnosis

A

History, chest films

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pneumothorax treatment

A

Oxygen, defect repair, chest tube, asherman seal, watch and wait to heal, pleurodesis (remove pleural cavity - cause it to scar together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pneumothorax Prognosis

A

Good, recurrence likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pleurisy aka pleuritis

A
  • Inflammation of pleura caused by infection (viral), injury, tumour
  • can be idiopathic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pleurisy clinical manifestation

A
  • Sudden development
  • pain while breathing, cough
  • cough, fever, sob, tachypnea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pleurisy treatment

A
  • aspirin, nsaids, antibiotics
  • thoracentesis if effusion present - take fluid out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Increased fluid (blood, pus, serous fluid, urine) b/w visceral and parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pleural effusion pathogenesis

A
  • secondary to pathologies causing pleural edema
  • Increased secretion of fluid or decreased drainage (CHF, kidney/liver disease, malignancy, etc..)
20
Q

Pleural effusion clinical manifestation

A

Depends on fluid amount, degree of lung compression, heart condition

21
Q

Pleural Effusion diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis: history, imaging, biopsy
Treatment - may not be required - maybe drainage
Prognosis depends on underlying disease

22
Q

Ventilatory failure

A

Secondary to alveolar hypoventilation
(gas not exchanged properly in lungs)

23
Q

Ventilatory failure conditions can affect?

A
  • mechanical respiration
  • lung circulation
  • airways
  • gas exchange
24
Q

Ventilatory failure Neural control of respiration

A
  • Respiratory centers in the brainstem have chemoreceptors to
    measure the content of carbon dioxide
  • Brainstem lesions can depress spontaneous breathing
25
Q

Ventilatory failure respiratory muscles

A

Can become dysfunctional under several conditions – affect nerves, NMJ, or muscles themselves

26
Q

Poliomyelitis

VENTILATORY FAILURE
Respiratory muscles

A

Affects the spinal cord can cause respiratory paralysis

27
Q

Spinal Cord Injury

VENTILATORY FAILURE
Respiratory muscles

A

Damages the nerves

28
Q

Tetanus toxin

VENTILATORY FAILURE
Respiratory muscles

A

muscle spasm

29
Q

Myasthenia gravis

VENTILATORY FAILURE
Respiratory muscles

A

affects the NMJ to cause depression in breathing

30
Q

Muscular dystrophy

VENTILATORY FAILURE
Respiratory muscles

A

esp. in duchennes – causes muscle wasting and respiratory muscle failure

31
Q

VENTILATORY FAILURE
Chest wall lesions

A
  • Restrict lung expansion during inspiration
  • Due to deformities of chest cage (kyphoscoliosis), pleural fibrosis, pleural tumours, extreme obesity
32
Q

VENTILATORY FAILURE
Airway pathologies

A

E.g. CF (with bronchial mucus plugs), COPD, asthma,
etc.

33
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

ARDS

A

Changes that occur in the lungs that cause acute
respiratory failure

34
Q

ARDS Causes

A
  • Shock - trauma, burns
  • Pneumonia
  • Toxic Lung injury - fumes, drugs
  • Aspiration of fluids (drowning)
35
Q

ARDS Etiology and Pathogenesis

A
  • Can result from various conditions
  • Involves injury to endothelial cells in pulmonary capillaries or alveolar lining cells
  • Affects alveolar walls, severely impairing gas exchange
  • Leads to hypoxia due to poor blood oxygenation
  • Untreated cases may cause fatal systemic issues like shock, sepsis, SIRS, or respiratory acidosis
  • Associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
36
Q

LUNG CANCER
AKA bronchogenic carcinoma

A
  • A malignancy of the respiratory tract epithelium
  • Most cases of lung cancer are primary tumors
37
Q

Lung Cancer epidemiology

A
  • Leading cause of cancer death globally for both men and women
  • One of the top preventable causes of death worldwide
  • Causes more deaths than colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined
  • Up to 90% of cases linked to cigarette smoking
  • Typically diagnosed after age 50
  • Five-year survival rate is 10-15%, as half of cases are stage IV at diagnosis
38
Q

Lung Cancer Etiology and Risk Factors

A

Cigarette smoking (especially over 20 per day)
Occupational and environmental exposures
Industrial living
Age and family history
Asbestos and radon gas exposure

39
Q

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)/Oat Cell

A
  • Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 20% of all lung cancers
  • Highly aggressive and predominantly occurs in smokers
  • Rapid growth; about 60% of patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis
  • Small cell cancer can also occur in non-lung tissues (e.g., cervix, prostate)
40
Q

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

A
  • Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of all lung cancers
  • Types include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (most common), and large cell carcinoma
  • Most lung cancers in non-smokers are NSCLC
  • Clinical behavior varies by histologic type; around 40% of cases show metastatic disease at diagnosis
41
Q

Lung Cancer Pathogenesis 1

A
  • Tobacco smoke contains various chemicals that act as primary carcinogens
  • DNA-mutating agents activate oncogenes, deactivate tumor suppressor genes, and mutate genes involved in detoxification (oxidative stress) and DNA repai
42
Q

Lung Cancer Pathogenesis 2

A
  • Lung cancer is highly invasive and metastasizes early
  • It spreads to the mediastinum, pleural cavity, and lymph nodes
  • Distant metastasis commonly occurs to the liver, brain, bones, kidneys, and adrenal glands
43
Q

LUNG CANCER
Clinical Manifestation 1

A
  • Local tumor extension into the mediastinum or pleural cavity can cause mass effect
  • Leads to obstruction, resulting in atelectasis and lung infection
  • Can cause pleural effusion
  • Progressive dyspnea due to lung compression
  • May cause pain and paralysis of diaphragm and vocal cord muscles
44
Q

Lung Cancer Clinical Manifestation 2

A
  • Hemoptysis
  • Cachexia
  • Shortness of breath (SOB)
  • Cough
  • Anorexia
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes
  • Digital clubbing
45
Q

Lung Cancer clinical manifestation 3

A
  • Liver: Causes hepatomegaly
  • Brain: Leads to neurologic symptoms and high mortality
  • Bone: Results in fractures and pain
  • Adrenal glands: Affected by metastasis as wel
46
Q

LUNG CANCER
Management

A
  • Diagnosis: Chest x-ray and biopsy (most reliable)
  • CT scans: 95% false positive rate
  • Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation
  • Prognosis: Very poor
  • Prevention: Crucial for reducing risk

Systemic Pathology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions