Class 4 - cardiovascular Flashcards
Telangiectasia (Spider Veins)
Dilated groups of small blood vessels. Most frequently on face and thighs
Frostbite
Damage to skin/tissues due to cold exposure
Frostbite pathogenesis
Ice crystals form in tissues and expand into extracellular spaces. Leads to tissue death
Superficial frostbite
Affects skin and subcutaneous tissue. Discoloration, swelling, burning/tingling
Deep frostbite
Beyond superficial tissue. Necrosis, gangrene
Frostbite diagnosis
Asking questions, bone scan
Frostbite treatment
vasodilators, rewarm w/out massaging, meds, surgery/amputation
Diabetic Microangiopathy
Hyperglycemia leading to vascular complications affecting small and large blood vessels
Diabetic Retinopathy
M/c cause of adult blindness in US
Diabetic Neuropathy
Nerve ischemia causing intracellular metabolic changes that impair nerve function.
Diabetic Nephropathy
M/c of renal failure. Fibrosis/glomerular sclerosis caused by diabetes
Decompression Sickness (The bends)
Rapid pressure reduction causes gas previously dissolved in blood to form bubbles in blood vessels
Henry’s Law
Solubility of gas in liquid directly proportional to pressure exerted on gas and liquid
Decompression Sickness Incidence
2-4/10000 dives. Men > women
Decompression sickness risk factors
cold temperature dives, prolonged or deep dives, rapid ascent, dehydration, flying after diving, obesity, old age
Decompression sickness S&S
Joint/muscle pain, nausea/vomiting (N/V) SOB, numbness, tingling, seizures, itching, hearing loss
Decompression sickness diagnosis
History and clinical manifestation
Decompression sickness treatment
Oxygen chamber and recompression therapy
Decompression sickness prognosis
About 80% recover completely (20% permanent damage - ex. Numbness, tingling)
Varicose Veins
Abnormal dilation of veins leading to tortuosity of vessel, incompetence of valves
Varicose Veins Incidence
Women more common. Develops 30-50yrs
Varicose Veins Risk factors
Hereditary factors, prolonged sitting/standing, hormonal, obese
Varicose Veins Common Sites
Lower extremity, saphenous, rectum/anal canal, scrotum - varicocele
Varicose Vein Clinical Manifestation
Most asymptomatic, Common symptoms: dull, achy heaviness, tension, fatigue, can lead to browning and swelling
Varicose Veins Complications
Ulcers due to compromised circulation, thrombosis, vein inflammation - phlebitis
Varicose Veins Treatment
Rest/Elevation, Exercise, Compression, Surgery if necessary
Venous Thrombosis
Partial or full occlusion of vein by a clot
Phlebothrombitis
inflammation of vein predisposing person to clot formation
Thrombophlebitis
Partial or complete occlusion of vein by thrombus (clot) with a secondary inflammatory reaction in wall of vein
Deep Venous Thrombosis
Usually in calf, usually benign but can lead to pulmonary emboli
Venous Thrombosis Risk Factors
Surgery, genetics, oral contraceptives, smoking, venous stasis, hypercoagulability of blood
Venous Thrombosis Incidence
Third m/c CV disease after heart attack/stroke
Venous Thrombosis Clinical Manifestation
Variable and inconsistent, LE > UE, edema, dull ache, tightness
Venous Thrombosis Diagnosis
Based on signs, symptoms, risk factors, ultrasound
Venous Thrombosis Treatment
Elastic stocking, medication, surgery
Venous Stasis
Inadequate venous return over a long period of time
Venous Stasis Risk Factors
Severe DVT, varicose veins, leg trauma, neoplasms
Venous Stasis Clinical Manifestation
Edema of leg, stasis dermatitis (brownish pigmentation of skin at ankles), venous stasis ulceration (painful shallow wounds, drain fluid)
Venous Stasis Diagnosis
History/exam
Venous Stasis Treatment
Rest/Elevation, Exercise, Compression, Surgery if necessary
Raynaud’s
Episodes of small artery or arterioles constrictions causing temporary pallor and cyanosis and changes in temperature
Primary Vasospastic Disorder (Raynaud’s)
Idiopathic
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Secondary to another disease or underlying cause
Raynaud’s Risk Factors
Women > Men, cold temperature, stress, injuries,
Raynaud’s Clinical Manifestation
White, blue, then red digits, UE > LE, throbbing, swelling, sensory changes,
Raynaud’s Diagnosis
Clinical Presentation, history, History of 2 years of symptoms with no progression
Raynaud’s Treatment
Avoid triggers, decrease smoking, relaxation techniques, exercise, heat
Raynaud’s prognosis
Untreated may cause damage or destroy affected digits, disability or loss of function
