Class 4 - cardiovascular

Question 1

Telangiectasia (Spider Veins)

Answer 1

Dilated groups of small blood vessels. Most frequently on face and thighs

Question 2

Frostbite

Answer 2

Damage to skin/tissues due to cold exposure

Question 3

Frostbite pathogenesis

Answer 3

Ice crystals form in tissues and expand into extracellular spaces. Leads to tissue death

Question 4

Superficial frostbite

Answer 4

Affects skin and subcutaneous tissue. Discoloration, swelling, burning/tingling

Question 5

Deep frostbite

Answer 5

Beyond superficial tissue. Necrosis, gangrene

Question 6

Frostbite diagnosis

Answer 6

Asking questions, bone scan

Question 7

Frostbite treatment

Answer 7

vasodilators, rewarm w/out massaging, meds, surgery/amputation

Question 8

Diabetic Microangiopathy

Answer 8

Hyperglycemia leading to vascular complications affecting small and large blood vessels

Question 9

Diabetic Retinopathy

Answer 9

M/c cause of adult blindness in US

Question 10

Diabetic Neuropathy

Answer 10

Nerve ischemia causing intracellular metabolic changes that impair nerve function.

Question 11

Diabetic Nephropathy

Answer 11

M/c of renal failure. Fibrosis/glomerular sclerosis caused by diabetes

Question 12

Decompression Sickness (The bends)

Answer 12

Rapid pressure reduction causes gas previously dissolved in blood to form bubbles in blood vessels

Question 13

Henry’s Law

Answer 13

Solubility of gas in liquid directly proportional to pressure exerted on gas and liquid

Question 14

Decompression Sickness Incidence

Answer 14

2-4/10000 dives. Men > women

Question 15

Decompression sickness risk factors

Answer 15

cold temperature dives, prolonged or deep dives, rapid ascent, dehydration, flying after diving, obesity, old age

Question 16

Decompression sickness S&S

Answer 16

Joint/muscle pain, nausea/vomiting (N/V) SOB, numbness, tingling, seizures, itching, hearing loss

Question 17

Decompression sickness diagnosis

Answer 17

History and clinical manifestation

Question 18

Decompression sickness treatment

Answer 18

Oxygen chamber and recompression therapy

Question 19

Decompression sickness prognosis

Answer 19

About 80% recover completely (20% permanent damage - ex. Numbness, tingling)

Question 20

Varicose Veins

Answer 20

Abnormal dilation of veins leading to tortuosity of vessel, incompetence of valves

Question 21

Varicose Veins Incidence

Answer 21

Women more common. Develops 30-50yrs

Question 22

Varicose Veins Risk factors

Answer 22

Hereditary factors, prolonged sitting/standing, hormonal, obese

Question 22

Varicose Veins Common Sites

Answer 22

Lower extremity, saphenous, rectum/anal canal, scrotum - varicocele

Question 23

Varicose Vein Clinical Manifestation

Answer 23

Most asymptomatic, Common symptoms: dull, achy heaviness, tension, fatigue, can lead to browning and swelling

Question 24

Varicose Veins Complications

Answer 24

Ulcers due to compromised circulation, thrombosis, vein inflammation - phlebitis

Question 25

Varicose Veins Treatment

Answer 25

Rest/Elevation, Exercise, Compression, Surgery if necessary

Question 26

Venous Thrombosis

Answer 26

Partial or full occlusion of vein by a clot

Question 27

Phlebothrombitis

Answer 27

inflammation of vein predisposing person to clot formation

Question 28

Thrombophlebitis

Answer 28

Partial or complete occlusion of vein by thrombus (clot) with a secondary inflammatory reaction in wall of vein

Question 29

Deep Venous Thrombosis

Answer 29

Usually in calf, usually benign but can lead to pulmonary emboli

Question 30

Venous Thrombosis Risk Factors

Answer 30

Surgery, genetics, oral contraceptives, smoking, venous stasis, hypercoagulability of blood

Question 31

Venous Thrombosis Incidence

Answer 31

Third m/c CV disease after heart attack/stroke

Question 32

Venous Thrombosis Clinical Manifestation

Answer 32

Variable and inconsistent, LE > UE, edema, dull ache, tightness

Question 33

Venous Thrombosis Diagnosis

Answer 33

Based on signs, symptoms, risk factors, ultrasound

Question 34

Venous Thrombosis Treatment

Answer 34

Elastic stocking, medication, surgery

Question 35

Venous Stasis

Answer 35

Inadequate venous return over a long period of time

Question 36

Venous Stasis Risk Factors

Answer 36

Severe DVT, varicose veins, leg trauma, neoplasms

Question 37

Venous Stasis Clinical Manifestation

Answer 37

Edema of leg, stasis dermatitis (brownish pigmentation of skin at ankles), venous stasis ulceration (painful shallow wounds, drain fluid)

Question 38

Venous Stasis Diagnosis

Answer 38

History/exam

Question 39

Venous Stasis Treatment

Answer 39

Rest/Elevation, Exercise, Compression, Surgery if necessary

Question 40

Raynaud’s

Answer 40

Episodes of small artery or arterioles constrictions causing temporary pallor and cyanosis and changes in temperature

Question 41

Primary Vasospastic Disorder (Raynaud’s)

Answer 41

Idiopathic

Question 42

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

Answer 42

Secondary to another disease or underlying cause

Question 43

Raynaud’s Risk Factors

Answer 43

Women > Men, cold temperature, stress, injuries,

Question 44

Raynaud’s Clinical Manifestation

Answer 44

White, blue, then red digits, UE > LE, throbbing, swelling, sensory changes,

Question 45

Raynaud’s Diagnosis

Answer 45

Clinical Presentation, history, History of 2 years of symptoms with no progression

Question 46

Raynaud’s Treatment

Answer 46

Avoid triggers, decrease smoking, relaxation techniques, exercise, heat

Question 47

Raynaud’s prognosis

Answer 47

Untreated may cause damage or destroy affected digits, disability or loss of function