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Systemic Pathology > class 2 > Flashcards

class 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitral regurgitation?

A

incompetency of mitral valve causing backflow from left ventricle to left atrium

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2
Q

What is mitral stenosis

A

Narrowing of mitral valve impeding blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

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3
Q

What is aortic regurgitation

A

incompetency of aortic valve causing backflow from aorta to left ventricle

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4
Q

What is aortic stenosis

A

Norrowing of aortic valve obstructing blood flowfrom left ventricle to ascending aorta

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5
Q

What is Ischemic heart disease

A

disorder of heart due to insufficient blood supply

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6
Q

What is congestive heart failure

A

slow narrowing of coronary arteries causing hypoperfusion of myocardium and pump failure

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6
Q

What is leading cause of death worldwide

A

ischemic heart disease

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7
Q

What can cause infarct

A

sudden occlusion of a major coronary artery causing infarct

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8
Q

What is stable angina described as

A

crushing chest pain, precipitated by exercise or strain

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9
Q

What causes angina?

A

any condition that alters:
* blood supply to myocardium
* blood requirements of myocardium

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10
Q

pathogenesis of angina

A

narrowed or obstructed blood vessels limit blood supply

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11
Q

What is Chronic stable angina

A
  • Preceded by exercise or stress
  • relieved by stress or nitroglycerin
  • Classic exertional angina
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12
Q

Prinzmetals angina

vasospastic or varient angina

A
  • similar to typical angina
  • caused by coronary artery spasm
  • Usually occurs in morning - not related to exertion
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13
Q

Decubitus angina

Resting angina

A
  • Atypical
  • Occurs when lying down
  • more prevalent in women
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14
Q

Unstable angina

A
  • Residual ischemia triggers angina
  • unpredictable
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15
Q

Treatment for angina

A

Medication

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16
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Development of ischemia with resultant necrosis of
myocardial tissue

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17
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction

A

Due to occlusion of a coronary artery

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18
Q

How often can death occur for myocardial infarction

A

Death occurs in 25% of cases due to arrhythmia
(ventricular fibrillation), heart block, pump failure,
asystole (cardiac arrest)

19
Q

Treatment for myocardial infarction?

A

Treatment – medications, surgery
⬧ Resuscitation must be immediate or death will
occur

20
Q

What can myocardial infarction lead to?

A

Can lead to cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock,
multisystem organ failure (brain, kidneys), myocardial
rupture (cardiac aneurysm), mural thrombi

21
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

A condition in which the heart is unable to pump
sufficient blood to supply the body’s needs

22
Q

Which side does Congestive heart failure mostly affect?

A

Failure can occur on left or right, but predominantly
affects the left
⬧ Can be chronic or acute

23
Q

What is most common cause of hospitalization in the elderly?

A

Congestive heart disease

24
Q

Pathogenesis of CHF

A

⬧“Failing” heart keeps working, but is less effective
⬧Inability to pump blood out of heart decreases blood
returning to the heart

25
Q

Pathogenesis CHF #2

A

⬧Inability to pump blood out of heart increases blood in
the chambers and lungs
⬧Decreased peripheral blood flow causes kidney to
release renin

26
Q

Pathogenesis CHF #3

A

⬧Left ventricle pumps harder to try to get more blood to
tissues, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy
⬧Coronary arteries cannot meet demand of overworked
heart
⬧Positive feed back loop

27
Q

CHF treatment

A

⬧Diet, exercise, and lifestyle modifications
⬧Medications

28
Q

What is COR PULMONALE

A

right ventricular hypertrophy
secondary to a lung disorder. Right ventricular heart
failure follows.

29
Q

Cor Pulmonale Etiology

(Chronic and Acute)

A

⬧Chronic cor pulmonale is usually caused by COPD.
⬧Acute is caused by pulmonary embolism

30
Q

Cor Pulmonale Pathogenesis

A

⬧Pulmonary disorders lead to hypertension in pulmonary
artery
⬧Blood backs up in RV
⬧RV dilates and hypertrophies
⬧RV fails

31
Q

Cor Pulmonale Clinical Manifestation

A

⬧Asymptomatic
⬧Dyspnea
⬧Exertional fatigue
⬧Heart murmurs
⬧LE edema

32
Q

Cor Pulmonale Diagnosis and Treatment

A

Diagnosis
⬧ History
⬧ Examination
⬧ ECHO
Treatment
⬧ Medications

33
Q

What is a Pulmonary Embolism

A

occlusion of one or more pulmonary arteries by
thrombi that originate elsewhere, typically in the
large veins (DVT) of the lower extremities or pelvis,

34
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Etiology

A

DVT – iliofemoral (50%), deep calf veins (5%),
subclavian vein (20%)

35
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Clinical Manifestation

A

⬧Asymptomatic
⬧Cardiac arrest
⬧Dyspnea
⬧Chest pain
⬧Apprehension
⬧Cough
⬧Tachypnea

36
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis

A

⬧History and S&S
⬧Rule out other pathologies
⬧Imaging as a last resort

37
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Prevention and Treatment

A

Medications

38
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Prognosis

A

Variable
⬧ Mortality ranges from 0.5% if treated early to 25% if
untreated

39
Q

How is a disrhythmia caused?

A

abnormal rate of electrical impulse
generation,

abnormal conduction of electrical signal,
tissue death

40
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

⬧The most common chronic arrhythmia
⬧Rapid, involuntary irregular muscle contraction of atrial
myocardium
⬧Blood remains in atria after contraction

41
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

uncoordinated muscular contractions of the ventricular
muscle
⬧Frequent cause of cardiac arrest
⬧Treatment includes depolarizing the muscle

42
Q

Heart Block (AV Block)

A

⬧Interruption in passage of impulses through the heart’s
electrical system
⬧May occur because SA misfires or because impulses are
not transmitted properly

43
Q

Paroxysmal Tachycardia

A

⬧An abnormally rapid heart rate that begins and ends
suddenly

44
Q

Ectopic Beats

A

⬧An electrical activation of the heart that originates
outside the SA node.

Systemic Pathology (9 decks)

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