Reproduction test

Question 1

Male reproductive system

Answer 1

The male gonads consist of two testes, where the male gametes (spermatozoa or sperm) are produced. Testes are held in a skin covered pouch called the scrotum.

Question 2

Female reproductive system

Answer 2

The primary sex organs or gonads are the two ovaries. The ovaries produce the ova or eggs, each an almond shaped gland approx 3cm in length.

Question 3

Primary germ layers

Answer 3

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 4

Ectoderm

Answer 4

The outermost germ layer. This will form the outer layers of the body, such as the skin, hair and mammary glands, as well as the nervous system.

Question 5

Mesoderm

Answer 5

Middle germ layer. The skeleton, muscles, connective tissue, heart blood and urogenital tract form the mesoderm. The mesoderm also allows the formation of the stomach and intestines.

Question 6

Endoderm

Answer 6

The innermost germ layer. It forms the lining of the digestive system as well as the lungs and thyroid.

Question 7

Disruptions to foetal health

Answer 7

Diet, alcohol, smoking, chemicals and infections

Question 8

Blastocyst

Answer 8

A hollow ball of cells that surround a cavity filled with fluid.

Question 9

Inner cell mass

Answer 9

A group about 30 cells within the blastocyst in the early development of an embryo,

Question 10

Different stem cells

Answer 10

• Totipotent stem cells
• Pluripotent stem cells
• Multipotent stem cells

Question 11

Totipotent stem cells

Answer 11

Have the ability to form the embryo and the membranes that will surround, support and nourish it. EG The early embryo before the formation of the inner cell mass

Question 12

Pluripotent stem cells

Answer 12

Capable of giving rise to most but not all, tissues of an organism. EG the inner cell mass.

Question 13

Multipotent stem cells

Answer 13

Able to give rise to cells that have a specific function. EG blood stem cells.

Question 14

Spermatogenesis

Answer 14

Where it occurs: Inside the seminiferous tubules of each testis .
How long it takes: About 72 days, Continuously after puberty

Starts: Spermatogonia undergoes mitosis at puberty

Product: More than one haploid gamete

Question 15

Oogenesis

Answer 15

Where it occurs: Within the ovaries

How long it takes: 12 days, begins in embryonic development and stops at menopause

Starts: Oogonia undergoes mitosis before foetus is born

Product: 1 haploid ootid and 3 polar bodies

Question 16

Hormonal contraceptive methods

Answer 16

• Contraceptive pills
• Hormone implants
• Vaginal ring

Question 17

Mechanical contraceptive methods

Answer 17

• Condom
• Diaphragm
• Female condom

Question 18

Contraceptive pills

Answer 18

Also called ‘The Pill’ contraceptive pills prevent the release of mature eggs from the ovary. The cervical mucus also becomes thicker, making it difficult for sperm to travel upwards from the vagina.

Question 19

Hormone implants

Answer 19

A soft plastic stick about 4cm long that is inserted beneath the skin on the inner side of the upper arm that slowly releases progesterone into the body and provides contraception for 3 years.

Question 20

Vaginal ring

Answer 20

Soft plastic ring placed in the vagina where it releases low doses of two hormones, oestrogen and progesterone.

Question 21

Condom

Answer 21

Very thin latex rubber rolled on to erect penis just before intercourse to prevent semen from entering the vagina.

Question 22

Diaphragm

Answer 22

A thin rubber cap that fits across the top of the vagina. Normally used with spermicidal cream or jelly.

Question 23

Female condom

Answer 23

A lubricated polyurethane sheath that lines the vagina. At each end of the sheath is a flexible ring; the one at the closed end fits over the cervix and the other sits over the folds of skin that surround the entrance to the vagina.

Question 24

Menstrual cycle

Answer 24

1. Menstruation
2. Preovulation
3. Ovulation
4. Secretion
5. Premenstruation

Question 25

Menstruation

Answer 25

(1-4 days) Uterine bleeding, accompanied by shedding of the endometrium

Question 26

Preovulation

Answer 26

(5-12 days) Endometrial repair begins; development of ovarian follicle; uterine lining gradually thickens

Question 27

Ovulation

Answer 27

(13-15 days) Rupture of mature follicle, releasing egg

Question 28

Secretion

Answer 28

(16-20) Secretion of watery mucus by glands of endometrium, cervix and uterine tubes; movement and breakdown of unfertilized egg; development of corpus luteum.

Question 29

Premenstruation

Answer 29

(21-28) Degeneration of corpus luteum; deterioration of endometrium

Question 30

Ovarian cycle

Answer 30

Follicular phase
Luteal phase

Question 31

Follicular phase

Answer 31

Follicle grows

Question 32

Luteal phase

Answer 32

Corpus luteum forms then degenerates

Question 33

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 33

When it Comes In: Early in the follicular phase (days 1-14 of the menstrual cycle).

What It Acts On: FSH acts on the ovaries, stimulating the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles (each containing an egg). It also encourages the follicles to produce estrogen.

Question 34

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Answer 34

When it Comes In: Mid-cycle surge around day 14, during the follicular phase.

What It Acts On: The surge of LH triggers ovulation, the release of the mature egg from the dominant follicle. It also converts the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone.

Question 35

Estrogen

Answer 35

When it Comes In: Peaks twice - once during the mid-follicular phase (days 7-14) and again just before ovulation.

What It Acts On: Estrogen promotes the thickening of the endometrium (lining of the uterus) to prepare for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. It also provides feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to regulate the levels of FSH and LH.

Question 36

Progesterone

Answer 36

When it Comes In: Luteal phase (days 14-28) after ovulation.

What It Acts On: Produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary, progesterone maintains the thickened endometrium, making it suitable for implantation. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels drop, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining (menstruation).

Question 37

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Answer 37

The primary action of hCG is to maintain the corpus luteum, the structure that forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation.

Question 38

Changes in the baby at birth

Answer 38

1. Ductus venosus
2. Ductus arteriosus
3. Foramen ovale