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Year 11 Human Bio > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Haploid cell

A
  • Cells with only one set of chromosomes (one gene for each trait)
  • All gametes (sex cells)
  • Result of Meiosis
    (N)
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2
Q

Diploid

A
  • Cells having homologous chromosomes (two genes for each trait)
  • All somatic cells (body cells)
  • Created through mitosis
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3
Q

Mitosis stages

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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4
Q

DNA structure

A

Consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases: adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine.

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5
Q

What are histones

A

Proteins that DNA wraps around. 8 of them

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6
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.

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7
Q

How is DNA important to us?

A

Contains genetic information that determines the structure of the cell and the way it functions.

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

A process of nuclear division that forms two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes (the diploid chromosome number).

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do somatic cells contain

A

46 (23 pairs)

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10
Q

Interphase

A

–Chromosomes appear as fine threads called chromatin

–DNA replication occurs

–The cell grows

–New proteins are synthesised

–Cell organelles are replaced

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11
Q

Prophase

A

–Chromosomes condense

–Nuclear membrane breaks down

–Centrioles migrate to the poles of the cell

  • Spindle forms
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12
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line along the equator of the cell
  • Spindle fibres attach to centromeres of the chromosomes
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13
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres split
  • Spindle fibres pull new chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
  • Each pole is a new daughter cell, and contains identical sets of genes.
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14
Q

Telophase

A
  • The final stage in mitosis.
  • The two sets of chromosomes uncoil (decondense)
  • Nuclear membrane reforms
  • Spindle fibres disappear
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15
Q

Cytokinesis

A

*The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following division of the nucleus

*The cell membrane pinches in, eventually dividing the cell into two daughter cells.

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16
Q

Meiosis

A

Is the process by which “gametes” (sex cells) are produced with half the number of chromosomes (haploid)

17
Q

Meiosis I stages

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase I
  3. Metaphase I
  4. Anaphase I
  5. Telophase I
18
Q

Meiosis Interphase

A

Chromosomes double forming 46 double chromosomes.

19
Q

Prophase I

A

Crossing over occurs here, exact point of crossing over is called chiasma, and nuclear membrane breaks down.

20
Q

Metaphase I

A

Double chromosomes line up at equator RANDOMLY

21
Q

Anaphase I

A

Double chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibres attached to centromeres.

Double chromosomes are now genetically unique.

22
Q

Telophase I

A

Nuclear membranes begin to reform around chromosomes.

23
Q

Meiosis II

A

End result is 4 genetically unique daughter cells - gametes that each have 23 single chromosomes.

24
Q

Compare mitosis and meiosis

A

Table

25
Q

Protein synthesis

A

*(Also known as gene expression) is the conversion of the genetic code carried by DNA into an end product i.e. usually a protein.

*Involves the processes of transcription and translation.

26
Q

Transcription

A

The process by which the genetic instructions are copied from the DNA to mRNA molecule. The transcription is triggered by chemical messengers that enter the nucleus from the cytosol and bind to the DNA at the relevant gene.

27
Q

Translation

A

The process in which the genetic code carried by messenger RNA directs ribosomes to connect amino acids to each other to produce proteins.

28
Q

What is cancer

A

When normal differentiation of cells go wrong, an abnormal mass of tissue called a tumour forms, resulting from uncontrolled division of cells.

29
Q

Carcinogens

A
  • UV radiation
  • X-Rays
  • Ionizing radiation (radium, uranium)
  • Viruses (HPV)
  • Chemical carcinogens (alcohol, soot, tar tobacco,)
30
Q

Types of RNA

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
31
Q

mRNA

A

Made in the nucleus and takes the genetic code into the cytoplasm allowing genetic code to be read by ribosomes.

Year 11 Human Bio (19 decks)

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