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Life Sciences > Reproduction in vertebrates > Flashcards

Reproduction in vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is external fertilization

A

fertilization of the ovum by a sperm cell outside the women body

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2
Q

What is internal fertilization

A

fertilization of the ovum by sperm cell within the female reproductive system

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3
Q

The function of the yolk sac

A

provides energy-rich food to the embryo

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4
Q

What 2 things do reproduction play an important role in

A

survival and evoltuion

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5
Q

What is reproductive success

A

Measured by the number of living offspring that an individual produces

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6
Q

What are reproductive strategies

A

structual, functional and behavioural adaptations that increase chances of fertilisation and survival

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of reproductive stategies

A

R and K

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8
Q

Provide an example of a R and a K strategy

A

R= sea horses K= goriilas

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9
Q

Explain the difference between r and k strategy species

A

R - lot of energy spent of producing MANY offspring but little time spent on parental care, very few survive till adulthood

K - few offspring produced, lot of energy spent on parental care, offspring more likely to reach adulthood

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10
Q

What types of animals use external fertilization

A

amphibians and fish

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11
Q

Why is water essential for the success of external fertilization

A
  • sperm moves to egg

- prevents dessication

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12
Q

What fuels animals desire to mate

A

courtship and pheremones

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13
Q

More gametes = _______ chance of fertilisation

A

More

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14
Q

How do ova play a role in assisting fertilisation

A

They chemotactically attract sperm cells.

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15
Q

How is parent interaction limited to spending less energy

A

ova develop into larva that lives on yolk or plankton that serves as food

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16
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of external fertilisation

A
  • many eggs wasted

- young don’t mature

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17
Q

Name 2 advantages of external fertilisation

A
  • large amounts of eggs = good chance of fertilisation

- less energy spent on parental care

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18
Q

Name 3 types of animals that use internal fertilisation

A

reptiles, birds, mammals

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19
Q

name of male coupling organ

A

Penis

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20
Q

name of female recieving organ

A

vagina or cloak

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21
Q

Sperm ____ in a fluid medium inside femal reproductive system

A

swim

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22
Q

function of the yolk for birds

A

nourishes there young

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23
Q

Name 4 differences between external and internal fertilisation

A
  • outside vs inside the body
  • both released outside vs only male inside
  • zygote developed outside body vs inside
  • large amount of gametes produced vs fewer gametes prduced
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24
Q

Explain what an oviparous method of reproduction is?

A

eggs are laid by female organism and embryo develops in the egg OUTSIDE the body

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25
where does fertilization usually take place in oviparous aquatic animals
externally in water
26
negatives of oviparous young not living internally
- adverse temps | - predators
27
where do terrestrial oviparous animals fertilze
takes place internally
28
what does ovoviviparous reproduction mean
It is a method of reproduction where the developing embryo develops within the eggs and within the frs
29
Name 3 characteristics of ovoviviparous animals
- internal fertilization - embryo develops inside female body - embryo fed by yolk
30
Definition of viviparous animals
after a period of gestation young are born alive after receiving nourishment from mother.
31
what type of fertilisation do viviparous animals undergo
internal
32
How does the foetus of an viviparous animal get nourishment
connected via the placenta and umbilical chord
33
What is an amniotic egg?
an egg containing extra embryonic membranes
34
Name 3 embryotic membraines from in amniotic eggs
- amnion - chorion - yolk sac
35
what do fish and amphibians need in order for fertilisation to occur
they require water
36
what do terrestrial animals require to pretoect the developing embryo from dehydration
they require special structures
37
explain the significance of the amniotic egg
it's made life and reproduction on terrestrial land possible
38
What is the purpose of the amniotic egg in terms of the embryo?
allows the embryo inside the egg not to dessicate and it supplies it with nutrients, water and oxygen
39
the function of the shell in an amniotic egg?
protect against physical damage, gas exchange, food
40
the function of the albumin layer in an amniotic egg?
reserve food for the developing embryo
41
the function of the chorion in an amniotic egg?
surrounds all other membranes allows gaseous exchange in mammals forms placenta and endometrium
42
the function of allantion in an amniotic egg?
membrane like sack that collects waste products and exchanges gases
43
the function of the yolk in an amniotic egg?
energy rich food that nourishes embryo
44
the function of the amniotic cavity in an amniotic egg?
- filled w amniotic fluid that protects the embryo from shock, injury, temperature fluctuation and dehydration
45
what are the 2 types of development
precocial and atricial
46
provide another name for precocial development
early independent development
47
Generally, describe the development of the young when they are born
almost fully developed
48
name 4 characteristics of precocial development's young
- open eyes - non-naked - mobile - independent
49
what do parents of precocial development spend most of there energy on
prenatal development
50
do precocial development offspring produce many or few offspring
fewer
51
name 4 types of birds that are precocial
chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowls, ostriches
52
why is the incubation period in precocial birds so long
allows enough time for young to fully develop
53
describe chickens eyes when born
open immediately after birth
54
name 4 types of mammals that are precocial
cattle, sheep, antelope, giraffes, rabbits
55
how is the foetus of precocial mammals nourished
via placenta
56
what does atricial development mean
species where young are not fully developed and cannot move around freely
57
name 4 characteristics of atricial animals
- closed eyes - naked body - non-freely mobile - dependent on parents for food
58
where do most atricial parents spend there energy
postnatal development
59
main difference between altricial and precocial birds
``` precocial= low nests atricial = high nests ```
60
name 4 birds that fall under altricial development
pigeons, sparrows, eagles, owls
61
describe eyes of altricial development
closed
62
why do altriical birds spend a longer time in the nest
food
63
name 4 altricial mammals
rodents, cats, dogs, primates
64
why are young of altricial mammals born early
mother vulnerable to predation
65
explain why the young of altricial mammals have a higher chance of reaching reproductive age
- parentally protected for a long time - nests form protection - independent
66
definition for parental care
behavioural patterns where parents spend time or energy feeding and protecting their offspring
67
animals that put a lot of energy into prenatal development usually give _________ ______
little parental care
68
animals that put a lot less energy into prenatal development usually give _________ ______
more parental care
69
name 4 examples of parental care
- egg monitoring - hatching of eggs - keeping babies warm - feeding babies
70
describe fishes parental care degree
- none or very little | - eggs abandoned after fertilization
71
describe amphibians parental care degree
- show v little parental care | - only involves guarding eggs
72
describe reptiles parental care degree
- most show none | - eggs hatched via suns heat
73
describe crocs parental care
guard eggs and protect young
74
describe snakes and lizzard parental care
guard eggs and protect young
75
describe birds parental care degree
- great deal - build nests in which eggs are laid/ hatched - eggs hatched by body heat
76
describe mammals parental care degree
- show most - babies dependent - fed through breast milk - regulate body temp via parents - protect young - parents teach (hunt, fly, search)

Life Sciences (16 decks)

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