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Life Sciences > Reproduction in vertebrates > Flashcards

Reproduction in vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is external fertilization

A

fertilization of the ovum by a sperm cell outside the women body

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2
Q

What is internal fertilization

A

fertilization of the ovum by sperm cell within the female reproductive system

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3
Q

The function of the yolk sac

A

provides energy-rich food to the embryo

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4
Q

What 2 things do reproduction play an important role in

A

survival and evoltuion

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5
Q

What is reproductive success

A

Measured by the number of living offspring that an individual produces

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6
Q

What are reproductive strategies

A

structual, functional and behavioural adaptations that increase chances of fertilisation and survival

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of reproductive stategies

A

R and K

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8
Q

Provide an example of a R and a K strategy

A

R= sea horses K= goriilas

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9
Q

Explain the difference between r and k strategy species

A

R - lot of energy spent of producing MANY offspring but little time spent on parental care, very few survive till adulthood

K - few offspring produced, lot of energy spent on parental care, offspring more likely to reach adulthood

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10
Q

What types of animals use external fertilization

A

amphibians and fish

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11
Q

Why is water essential for the success of external fertilization

A
  • sperm moves to egg

- prevents dessication

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12
Q

What fuels animals desire to mate

A

courtship and pheremones

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13
Q

More gametes = _______ chance of fertilisation

A

More

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14
Q

How do ova play a role in assisting fertilisation

A

They chemotactically attract sperm cells.

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15
Q

How is parent interaction limited to spending less energy

A

ova develop into larva that lives on yolk or plankton that serves as food

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16
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of external fertilisation

A
  • many eggs wasted

- young don’t mature

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17
Q

Name 2 advantages of external fertilisation

A
  • large amounts of eggs = good chance of fertilisation

- less energy spent on parental care

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18
Q

Name 3 types of animals that use internal fertilisation

A

reptiles, birds, mammals

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19
Q

name of male coupling organ

A

Penis

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20
Q

name of female recieving organ

A

vagina or cloak

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21
Q

Sperm ____ in a fluid medium inside femal reproductive system

A

swim

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22
Q

function of the yolk for birds

A

nourishes there young

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23
Q

Name 4 differences between external and internal fertilisation

A
  • outside vs inside the body
  • both released outside vs only male inside
  • zygote developed outside body vs inside
  • large amount of gametes produced vs fewer gametes prduced
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24
Q

Explain what an oviparous method of reproduction is?

A

eggs are laid by female organism and embryo develops in the egg OUTSIDE the body

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25
Q

where does fertilization usually take place in oviparous aquatic animals

A

externally in water

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26
Q

negatives of oviparous young not living internally

A
  • adverse temps

- predators

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27
Q

where do terrestrial oviparous animals fertilze

A

takes place internally

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28
Q

what does ovoviviparous reproduction mean

A

It is a method of reproduction where the developing embryo develops within the eggs and within the frs

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29
Q

Name 3 characteristics of ovoviviparous animals

A
  • internal fertilization
  • embryo develops inside female body
  • embryo fed by yolk
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30
Q

Definition of viviparous animals

A

after a period of gestation young are born alive after receiving nourishment from mother.

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31
Q

what type of fertilisation do viviparous animals undergo

A

internal

32
Q

How does the foetus of an viviparous animal get nourishment

A

connected via the placenta and umbilical chord

33
Q

What is an amniotic egg?

A

an egg containing extra embryonic membranes

34
Q

Name 3 embryotic membraines from in amniotic eggs

A
  • amnion
  • chorion
  • yolk sac
35
Q

what do fish and amphibians need in order for fertilisation to occur

A

they require water

36
Q

what do terrestrial animals require to pretoect the developing embryo from dehydration

A

they require special structures

37
Q

explain the significance of the amniotic egg

A

it’s made life and reproduction on terrestrial land possible

38
Q

What is the purpose of the amniotic egg in terms of the embryo?

A

allows the embryo inside the egg not to dessicate and it supplies it with nutrients, water and oxygen

39
Q

the function of the shell in an amniotic egg?

A

protect against physical damage, gas exchange, food

40
Q

the function of the albumin layer in an amniotic egg?

A

reserve food for the developing embryo

41
Q

the function of the chorion in an amniotic egg?

A

surrounds all other membranes
allows gaseous exchange
in mammals forms placenta and endometrium

42
Q

the function of allantion in an amniotic egg?

A

membrane like sack that collects waste products and exchanges gases

43
Q

the function of the yolk in an amniotic egg?

A

energy rich food that nourishes embryo

44
Q

the function of the amniotic cavity in an amniotic egg?

A
  • filled w amniotic fluid that protects the embryo from shock, injury, temperature fluctuation and dehydration
45
Q

what are the 2 types of development

A

precocial and atricial

46
Q

provide another name for precocial development

A

early independent development

47
Q

Generally, describe the development of the young when they are born

A

almost fully developed

48
Q

name 4 characteristics of precocial development’s young

A
  • open eyes
  • non-naked
  • mobile
  • independent
49
Q

what do parents of precocial development spend most of there energy on

A

prenatal development

50
Q

do precocial development offspring produce many or few offspring

A

fewer

51
Q

name 4 types of birds that are precocial

A

chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowls, ostriches

52
Q

why is the incubation period in precocial birds so long

A

allows enough time for young to fully develop

53
Q

describe chickens eyes when born

A

open immediately after birth

54
Q

name 4 types of mammals that are precocial

A

cattle, sheep, antelope, giraffes, rabbits

55
Q

how is the foetus of precocial mammals nourished

A

via placenta

56
Q

what does atricial development mean

A

species where young are not fully developed and cannot move around freely

57
Q

name 4 characteristics of atricial animals

A
  • closed eyes
  • naked body
  • non-freely mobile
  • dependent on parents for food
58
Q

where do most atricial parents spend there energy

A

postnatal development

59
Q

main difference between altricial and precocial birds

A 
precocial= low nests
atricial = high nests
60
Q

name 4 birds that fall under altricial development

A

pigeons, sparrows, eagles, owls

61
Q

describe eyes of altricial development

A

closed

62
Q

why do altriical birds spend a longer time in the nest

A

food

63
Q

name 4 altricial mammals

A

rodents, cats, dogs, primates

64
Q

why are young of altricial mammals born early

A

mother vulnerable to predation

65
Q

explain why the young of altricial mammals have a higher chance of reaching reproductive age

A
  • parentally protected for a long time
  • nests form protection
  • independent
66
Q

definition for parental care

A

behavioural patterns where parents spend time or energy feeding and protecting their offspring

67
Q

animals that put a lot of energy into prenatal development usually give _________ ______

A

little parental care

68
Q

animals that put a lot less energy into prenatal development usually give _________ ______

A

more parental care

69
Q

name 4 examples of parental care

A
  • egg monitoring
  • hatching of eggs
  • keeping babies warm
  • feeding babies
70
Q

describe fishes parental care degree

A
  • none or very little

- eggs abandoned after fertilization

71
Q

describe amphibians parental care degree

A
  • show v little parental care

- only involves guarding eggs

72
Q

describe reptiles parental care degree

A
  • most show none

- eggs hatched via suns heat

73
Q

describe crocs parental care

A

guard eggs and protect young

74
Q

describe snakes and lizzard parental care

A

guard eggs and protect young

75
Q

describe birds parental care degree

A
  • great deal
  • build nests in which eggs are laid/ hatched
  • eggs hatched by body heat
76
Q

describe mammals parental care degree

A
  • show most
  • babies dependent
  • fed through breast milk
  • regulate body temp via parents
  • protect young
  • parents teach (hunt, fly, search)

Life Sciences (16 decks)

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