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Life Sciences > Natural Selection > Flashcards

Natural Selection Flashcards

1
Q

what is evolution

A

change over time that occurs in chemicals, matter etc.

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2
Q

what is biological evolution

A

genetic change in a population of living organisms that are inherited over successive generations due to natural selction resulting in formation of new species

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3
Q

what is a species

A

organism with the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

what is a population

A

group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at particular time

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5
Q

what is a gene pool

A

total number of genes of all reproductive individuals in particular population

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6
Q

what is macro evolution

A

development of new life forms from earlier life forms over many generations

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7
Q

what is micro evolution

A

variation that occurs within a species.

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8
Q

what is a pentadactyle limb

A

a limb with five digits, found in amphibia, reptiles, birds and animals

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9
Q

what is biogeography

A

study of distribution of species around world

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10
Q

what are vestigial structures

A

structures that have become decreased in size or are obsolete.

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11
Q

what are homologous structures

A

structures that look different and perform different functions but show same body plan and origin

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12
Q

what are analogous structures

A

structures which have same function in different organisms but have a diff. origin and don’t originate from common ancestor.

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13
Q

name 4 evidence sources of evolution

A

fossil evidence
descent with modification
biogeography
genetics

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14
Q

what does fossil evidence show

A

life existed
shows change
order of development

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15
Q

what causes new characteristcs to appear

A

genes combined through sexual rep

gene or chromosomal mutation

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16
Q

what can genetics explain

A

variation leads to change
variations passed from generation to generation
genotype of whole population changes with time
gene pools of population changes and leads to new species

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17
Q

compare a hypothesis and a scientific theory

A

a hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observable phenomenan, it is a fresh idea proposed by a sceintist before research is conducted.

A scientifc theory is an explination for natural phenomenon that is widely accepeted and confirmed from experiments.

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18
Q

who created the lamarckism theory

A

Jean-Boptiste Lamarck

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19
Q

what does the lamarckism thoeory state

A

physical changes in organisms occur during their lifetime

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20
Q

who created the darwinism theory

A

charles darwin

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21
Q

what was the name of the ship that charles darwin sailed

A

HMS beagle

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22
Q

what 2 things did Charles Darwin notice whilst studying both living organisms and fossils

A

similarity between fossils

difference in similar organisms in diff places.

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23
Q

who did Darwin co-write a paper with

A

alfred wallace

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24
Q

in 1972 who suggested that evolution was slow and steady

A

niles eldridge

stephen joy gould

25
Q

explain why it can be said that evolution is punctuated equailibrium

A

most species change very little over time. (Equilibrium)

new organisms are formed in a sudden jump (equilibrium is broken/punched)

26
Q

Explain darwins theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Darwin suggested that the most suitable individuals in a population are the most likely to become parents and therefore produce and pass on genes to next generattion

27
Q

NS requires what certain conditions

A
  • depends on variation in the gene pool of characerists
  • requires more offspring that required for survival of population
  • changes must occur in environmentnt
28
Q

what is artificial selection

A

purposeful selection of certain characteristis by people to make a species more useful

29
Q

what appeared first artificial or natural selection

A

artificial

30
Q

list 4 similarirites between NS and AS

A
  • variation occurs in particular population
  • variation is hereditory in the population
  • population changes over time and some characterisitcs become more frequent.
  • change occurs over many generations.
31
Q

list 3 differences between natural and artificial selection

A

natural
- nature selects the individuals
- environmental factors are responsible for this kind of selection
- increases chance of species survival in natural habitat
artificial
- human choose characteristics
- humans are responsible
- may not increase chance of species survival
-

32
Q

list 2 examples of artificial selection

A

modern domesticated cattle

crops

33
Q

what are jersey cattle used for

A

high butterfat milk

34
Q

what are hereford cattle used for

A

high quality meat

35
Q

list 2 types of variation within a species

A
  • contineous

- discontinueous

36
Q

decribe continuous variation within a species

A

controlled by several different genes which are found in different loci on the chromosome caused by genes and environment

37
Q

decribe discontineous variation within a species

A

when a characteristic can have only a few different properties either tall or short. usually happens when gene controlling the characteristic is found at 1 locus on a chromosome pair.

38
Q

what is speciation

A

formation of a species

39
Q

what is a species

A

group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring

40
Q

how does speciation happen

A

when genes flow between 2 groups it is stopped and they become reproductively isolated without this flow of genes the gene frequencies in each group changes over time by natural selection. The genotypes therefore become diff. from on another

41
Q

what 2 things can cause changes in gene frequency

A

natural selection

mutations

42
Q

how does natural selection change gene frequency

A

leads to change in the phenotype which keeps each species adapted to its habitat.

43
Q

how does mutations change gene frequency

A

changes genotypes by causing new diff alleles.

44
Q

what is geographic speciation

A

2 populations of the same species become geographically isolated

45
Q

name 4 examples of species that have undergone grographic speciation

A
  • Galopagos finches
  • galapagos tortise
  • The protea family
  • Baobab tree
46
Q

what is reproductive isolation

A

Prevents 2 different species from crossbreeding and producing viable offspring

47
Q

explain the difference between prezygotic isolation and postzygotic isolation

A

mechanisms occur BEFORE fertilisation and prevent mating and or fertilisation from taking place //
mechanisms occurs AFTER fertilisation and cause abnormal development so no viable offspring can be produced

48
Q

list 6 types of reproducitve isolation strategies

A
  • Breeding at diff times of the year
  • species- specific courtship
  • adaptation to diff pollinators
  • prevention of fertilization
  • infertile offpsring in cross species hybrids
  • occupying different habitats in same environment
49
Q

what is the alternative name for breeding at different times of the year

A

seasonal isolation

50
Q

what is the alternative name for species-specific courtship

A

behavioural isolation

51
Q

what does behavioural isolation refer to

A

partners within same species are attracted to one another only.

52
Q

compare gametic isolation and mechanical isolation

A

chemical difference between pollen and stigma in plants, shape of genital organs of male and females make it impossible for mating to occur.

53
Q

explain infertile offspring in cross - species hybrids

A

2 similar species reproduce and have healthy offspring but the 2 sets of the offspring have chromosomes that can’t line up and form correct bivalents making the offspring infertile

54
Q

what is the alternative term for occupying different habitats in same environment

A

ecological isolation

55
Q

explain how ecological isolation occurs

A

closely related organisms live in different habitats or niches and thus use different resources, in this way the chance of meeting mating partners is decreased.

56
Q

why can insecticide resistance occur

A

some organisms can produce hundreds of generations per year

57
Q

provide an example of insecticide resistance

A

mosquitors becoming resistant to DDT

58
Q

explain how antibiotic resistance occurs

A

a patient may not complete a course of antibiotic treatment which causes resistant bacteria left in the body to multiply, if this happens several times these bacteria evolve into a new type that can’t be treated by antibiotic and thus becoming MDR

59
Q

name the super drug resistant TB

A

XDR-TB

Life Sciences (16 decks)

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