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Life Sciences > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

what is genetics

A

biological branch of study that focuses on the hereditory and variation of organisms

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2
Q

who is known as the father of genetics

A

gregor mendel

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3
Q

who was gregor mendel

A

austrian monk who discovered the basics of genetics from cross breeding pea plants

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4
Q

name 3 Mendel’s laws of Genetics

A

law of segregation, law of dominance, law of independent assortment

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5
Q

explain the law of segregation

A

it states that for each characteristic, an organism possesses 1 gene consisting of 2 alleles which separate during meiosis so that each gamete only contains 1 allele.

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6
Q

explain the law of dominance

A

states that when two individuals with pure breeding (homozygous) contrasting characteristics are crossed, the individuals of the F1 generation all display the dominant characteristics.

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7
Q

explain the law of independent assortment

A

various “factors” controlling the different characteristics (seeds shape, seed colour, plant height, and flower colour) are separate entities, not influencing each other in any way, and sorting themselves out independently during gamete formation.

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8
Q

what is a gene?

A

length of DNA at a particular location on a chromosome that influences a particular characteristic

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9
Q

what is a allele

A

alternative form of a gene found at the same location

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10
Q

dominant allele

A

allele expressed in the phenotype - capital letter

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11
Q

Recessive allele

A

Allele that’s only expressed in the phenotype if the dominant allele is not present. - lower case

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12
Q

locus

A

location of a gene on the chromosome

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13
Q

phenotype

A

external appearance of an organism

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14
Q

genotype

A

genetic composition of an organism

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15
Q

Homozygous

A

organism has 2 copies of the same allele for that characteristic

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16
Q

Heterozygous

A

organism with 2 different variation of the allele for that characterisitic

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17
Q

autosome

A

a chromosome that is not sex linked.

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18
Q

gonosome

A

a sex chromosome

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19
Q

genome

A

entire genetic blueprint of an organism

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20
Q

karyotype

A

individuals collection of chromosomes

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21
Q

sex linked allele

A

allele located on the sex chromosome

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22
Q

sex linked disorder

A

disease determinded by the genes located on the sex chromosome

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23
Q

carrier

A

heterozygous organism that carrier an allele for a particular disorder without it being expressed.

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24
Q

mutation

A

sudden unexpected change in the genetic structure of a cell.

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25
Q

mutagen

A

factor that causes mutations

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26
Q

scientific term for position

A

locus

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27
Q

what is the difference between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive

A

dominant contain both dominant alles, recessive contain both recessive.

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28
Q

what does heterozygous mean

A

alles that carry different variation of genes.

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29
Q

plural of locus

A

loci

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30
Q

how are dominant alleles represented

A

with capital letters

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31
Q

how are recessive alleles represented

A

by lower case letters

32
Q

what does the word monohybrid mean

A

crossing of one characteristic

33
Q

what are the 2 methods that can be used to determine the offsprings possibility of inheriting various traits

A

monohybrid crosses, punnet square

34
Q

name 3 things that are needed before you can draw a punnet square

A
  • characteristics
  • phenotype of parents
  • genotype of parents
35
Q

name 3 things that you can determine ater you draw a punnet square

A
  • phenotype of offspring as a %
  • phenotype of offspring as a ratio
  • genotype of offspring %
36
Q

name the 3 types of allele dominance

A
  • complete
  • co-dominance
  • incomplete dominance
37
Q

what is complete dominance

A

it’s when a dom allele completeley masks the recessive allele, causes the dominant allele trait to be physically expressed

38
Q

what is co-dominance

A

when both alleles are expressed equally in the heterozygous organism. both are equally dominant.

39
Q

Explain partial dominance

A

neither allele is dominant, blending of the phenotypes is expressed.

40
Q

name 2 examples of partial dominance

A

pink flowers, wavy hair

41
Q

explain dihybrid cross

A

crossing of 2 different traits

42
Q

phenotypic ratio in a dihybrid cross between 2 heterozygous individiaual

A

9:3:3:1

43
Q

by what is the bio sex of an organism determined

A

gonosome

44
Q

XY

A

male

45
Q

XX

A

female

46
Q

X is long/short

A

long

47
Q

Y is long/short

A

short

48
Q

what are sex linked allele

A

alleles located on the sex chromosomes.

49
Q

why are most sex linked disorders more common in males

A

sex linked disorders result from a recessive allele being present on the x chromosome & with the Y chromosome being shorter there is no matching allele for the same gene (no masking)

50
Q

name 2 examples of sex linked disorders

A

haemophillia and colour blindness.

51
Q

what are pedigree charts

A

diagrams that show occurence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular geneo or organism and its ancestors over several generations. used to show pattern of inheritance and to predict offspring.

52
Q

what is a mutation

A

sudden and unexpected change in genetic structure of a cell

53
Q

name 4 causes of mutations

A

UV lights
x-ray radiation
radioactive elements
chemicals

54
Q

name the 3 groups of mutations

A

useful / harmless / harmful

55
Q

what are useful mutations

A

they result in new phenotypes that allow for adaptation to changing environments and natural selection.

56
Q

what are harmless mutations

A

cause a physical change in an organism but don’t affect functioning.
occurs in 98% of DNA that doesnt code

57
Q

name 3 examples of harmless mutations

A

tongue rolling, blue eyes, red hair

58
Q

what are harmful mutations

A

these mutations decrease change of survival of organism.

59
Q

name 4 examples of harmful organism

A

down syndrome
CF
haemophilia
turner syndrome

60
Q

name the 2 types of mutations

A

point gene mutations

frame shift mutations

61
Q

what is a point gene mutation

A

the change in a single base pair at one point.

substituition or inversion

62
Q

what is frame shift gene mutation

A

more dangerous
shift in the base pairs on the codon.
causes a change in AA sequence.
addition / deletion / duplication.

63
Q

name the 5 things that can happen during chromosomal mutations

A 
duplication 
inversion 
deletion 
insertion 
translocation
64
Q

explain sickle cell aneia

A

RBC are sickle shaped rather than bioncave
carry less oxygen
blockages in small blood vessels

65
Q

explain albinism

A

group of genetic disorders characterized by the lack of pigment melatin.

66
Q

explain haemophillia

A

person lacks the clotting factor.

67
Q

whta is genetic modification

A

direct and deliberate modification of an organisms genes and characteristics by biotechnology.

68
Q

term for the organism recieving the gene

A

transgenic

69
Q

explain artificial insulin production

A
  • human insulin gene isolated and removed by restriction enzymes from a healthy human beta cell
  • gene is inserted into the plasmid genome of the bacterium with the help of DNA ligase.
  • plasmid with recombinant DNA is placed into the bacterium.
  • transgenic bacteriym multiply, producing human insulin
  • extracted and purified.
70
Q

advantages of artificial insulin production

A

rapid
inexpensive
few side effects

71
Q

what vaccine is produced in a similar way to insulin

A

Hepatitis B

72
Q

name the 2 ways that genes are artifically inserted into a plant cell

A

gene gun

vector like agrobacterium tumefaciens

73
Q

explain the gene gun process.

A

required DNA is shot directly into the isolated plant cell.

required DNA coated onto small metal pellets that are loaded into the gene gun.

74
Q

explain the vector system

A

gene is inserted into bacterium where it forms recombinantDNA within plasmid .
•
Bacteria under plant & release plasmids intothe plant cells.
bacteria usually enter through damaged tissue of plant.
•
Plasmids become part of the plant’s genetic composition.
•
Tissue sample is extracted & cultivated in a growth medium.
• Gm cells divide & multiply forming a large number of cells.
•
Each cell develops & grows into a new plant w/ desired traits
& characteristics.

75
Q

uses of GM

A 
medicine production 
resistant crop formation 
increased crop yield 
nutritional value of food increases shelf life
improved taste 
organisms that clean up environment
76
Q

name 4 reasons why GM is seen as controversial

A
  • unsure of long term side effects
  • violation of natural organisn
  • loss of biodiversity
  • playing god
  • expensive
  • religious issues

Life Sciences (16 decks)

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