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Life Sciences > Human reproduction P2 > Flashcards

Human reproduction P2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is gametogenesis

A

the process by which gametes are produced from the germinal epithelium of the sex organs through mitosis

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2
Q

what is oogenesis

A

process by which ovaries produce ova by means of meiosis

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3
Q

what is spermatogenesis

A

process by which testes produce sperm cells by means of meiosis

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4
Q

in spermatogenesis how many haploid spermatids does each cell produce

A

4

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5
Q

cells of the _________ __________ lining of the seminiferous tubules undergo meiosis

A

germinal epithelium lining.

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6
Q

name the 3 parts of a spermatozoan

A

head, middle, tail

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7
Q

where is the majority of the paternal genetics carried in the spermatozoan

A

in the nucleus, the head

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8
Q

what is the function of the acrosome that contains enzymes

A

help penetrate the ovum for fertilization

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the many mitochondria in the middle

A

for energy and locomotion

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10
Q

purpose of a flagellum

A

enables swimming

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11
Q

explain the process of oogenesis

A
  • germinal epithelium undergoes mitosis
  • forms follicles
  • 1 cell inside the follicle enlarges and undergoes meiosis
  • I cell retains the entirety of the cytoplasm to form a secondary oocyte while other forms polar body
  • only 1 in 4 cells survive
  • polar body remains trapped within follicle until it disintegrates
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12
Q

what makes up the ovum

A
  • jelly-like layer
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
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13
Q

other name for the jelly-like layer in the ovum

A

zona pellucida

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14
Q

function of the jelly like layer in the ovum

A

protection

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15
Q

function of the nucleus in the ovum

A

carries maternal gentic info and controls the cell

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16
Q

what is the ovarian cycle

A

cycle of what happens inside the ovary

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17
Q

what does the graafian follicle become

A

corpus luteum

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18
Q

explain the ovarian cycle

A
  • FSH produced via the pituitary gland
  • FSH stimulates development of the graafian follicle containing a mature ovum
  • graafin follicle produces oestrogen, it begins to prepare the thickening of the inner lining of uterus
  • graafin follicle ruptures to release the mature ovum on day 14 (Ovulation)
  • ovum leaves the ovary to enter the fallopian tubes
  • hormone LH is secreted by the pituitary gland
  • the ruptured follicles left in the ovary form a corpus luteum
  • this corpus luteum secretes progesterone
  • if fert doesn’t occur the CL disintegrates and then the progesterone levels drop.
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19
Q

what is the other name for the pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

20
Q

what is the uterine cycle

A

describes changes that take place in the inner wall of the uterus known as the endometrium

21
Q

how does the increase in oestrogen prepare the endometrium

A
  • thickens
  • increase in blood supply
  • increasing glands
22
Q

explain the process of the uterine cycle

A

after ovulation the corpus luteum produces progesterone which keeps the endometrium in tact
if fertilisation does occur CL remains and secretes progesterone to maintain endo for pregnancy
if fertilisation doesn’t occur the CL disintegrates, causes progesterone to drop and then menstruation occurs.
during a period the endometium disintegrates and leaves as blood.

23
Q

where do the sperm and ovum meet

A

in the fallopian tube

24
Q

explain what happens when the the haploid nucleus of a sperm cell penetrates the ovum

A

the nuclei fuse and form a diploid zygote

25
Q

what is the morula

A

ball of cells.

26
Q

what is a blastocyst

A

a further developed morula, it is a hollow ball of cells

27
Q

what is implantation

A

embryo attaches to the endometriu

28
Q

what does the chorion form after implantation occurs

A

forms the chorionic villi

29
Q

what is the function of the amniotic fluid

A
  • shock absorber
  • prevents dehydration
  • temp regulation
30
Q

function of the placenta

A
  • attachement of embryo to mother
  • diffusion of food and 02 from M to F
  • diffusion of CO2 and NW from F- M
  • secretes progesterone after 12th week
31
Q

umbilitcal artery carries _______ blood with _____ from ______ to _______

A

deoxygenated / waste / embryo / mother

32
Q

umbilical vein carries _______ blood with _______ from _________ to ________

A

oxygenated / nutrients / placenta /embryo

33
Q

at what time in the pregnancy is it considered a foetus

A

12 weeks

34
Q

how long is the gestation period

A

40 weeks

35
Q

list the cell stage of gestation

A
  • fertilised egg
  • 2 cell stage
  • 4 cell stage
  • 8 cell stage
  • 16 cell stage
  • blastocyst
36
Q

What is contraception

A

process by which humans use various substances to prevent pregnancy

37
Q

name the 3 most effective methods of contraception

A

implant, IUD, sterilization

38
Q

Name 2 types of barrier contraception

A

condoms and diaphrams.

39
Q

name the 2 natural methods of contraception

A

withdrawl and the rhythm method.

40
Q

why is withdrawl unsafe

A

it is still possible for some sperm to be released before official ejeculation occurs.

41
Q

explain the rhythm method

A

involves monitoring a womens cycle carefully and identifing there fertile window (3 days before and after ovulation) and abstaining during this time.

42
Q

name 3 chemical methods of contraception

A
  • contraceptive pill
  • spermicides
  • injection
43
Q

explain how the pill works

A

contains hormones which prevent FSH and LH production this prevents ovulation.

44
Q

explain how the injection works

A

stops ovulation

45
Q

explain how spermicides work

A

contains a chemical that kills sperm cells and therefore prevent the sperm from entering through to the cervix.

46
Q

name the 2 types of sterilisation

A
  • vasectomy

- Tubal Ligation

47
Q

what does the IUD do

A

prevents embryo from implanting into endometrium

Life Sciences (16 decks)

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