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GCSE's Biology > Reproduction and Inheritance > Flashcards

Reproduction and Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA?

A

A long list of instructions on how to put an organism together and make it work.

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2
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entirety of the DNA in an organism.

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3
Q

What does each separate gene do in a DNA molecule?

A

A chemical instruction that codes for a particular protein.

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4
Q

How do genes control our inherited characteristics?

A

They control the production of proteins, meaning they control our inherited characteristics.

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5
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene.

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6
Q

Define Asexual Reproduction:

A

Reproduction involving only one parent, where the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

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7
Q

Define Mitosis:

A

When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two cells with identical sets of chromosomes.

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8
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A 
Growth and repair of damaged tissues in plants and animals
Asexual Reproduction (non-human)
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9
Q

Define Sexual Reproduction:

A

the fusion of male and female sex gametes. The offspring are a mixture of the parent’s genes.

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10
Q

What is produced through meiosis?

A

Meiosis produces four haploid cells whose chromosomes are not identical.

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11
Q

What cells are created through mitosis?

A

Two diploid cells are created from a single diploid cell.

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12
Q

What are the human gametes?

A

Sperm cell - Men

Egg cell - Women

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13
Q

In humans, were are the only places that meiosis occurs?

A

In the reproductive organs - Ovaries and the Testes.

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14
Q

What is the male and female gamete part for a plant?

A

The Stamen is the Male

The Carpel is the Female

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15
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, so that the male gamete can fertilise the female gamete.

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16
Q

What are the two parts of the stamen?

A

Anther and Filament
Anther contains pollen grains which produce the male gamete.
Filament is the stalk that supports the anther

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17
Q

What are the three parts of the Carpel

A

The Ovary, Style and Stigma
The ovary contains the female gametes inside ovules.
The style is the rod-like section that supports the stigma.
The stigma is the end bit which the pollen grains attach to.

18
Q

How are plants adapted for wind pollination?

A
  • Small, dull petals
  • No scents
  • Many small, light pollen grains to be carried eaily by the wind.
  • Long filaments that hang outside the flower to ensure pollen gets blown away.
  • Large, feathery stigma to catch pollen floating in the wind.
19
Q

How are plants adapted for insect pollination?

A
  • Bright coloured petals to attract the insects
  • Scented flowers and nectaries to attract insects
  • Big, sticky pollen grains that stick to insects as they go from plant to plant.
  • Stigma is also sticky so that any pollen will stick to the stigma.
20
Q

Where is the pollen tube grown?

A

From the stigma, through the style, into the ovary

21
Q

Give an example of a plant that reproduces asexually:

A

Strawberry’s

22
Q

What are runners?

A

Fast-growing thin stems that grow out sideways, just above the ground. They plant new seeds for reproduction asexually.

23
Q

What happens to a plant when it is fertilized in the ovary?

A

The fertalised egg forms a seed. The ovary develops a fruit around the seed

24
Q

What transforms the zygote into an embryo? (plants and humans)

A

Mitosis cell divisions

25
Q

What causes a seed to lie dormant?

A

A seed may lie dormant until the conditions are right for germination.

26
Q

What conditions are required for germination of seeds?

A
  • Water, to activate enzymes that break down the food reserves.
  • Oxygen, fro respiration which produces energy for growth.
  • Temperature, varies between seeds.
27
Q

How many different amino acids are there in humans?

A

20

28
Q

What determines the shape of a protein?

A

The specific order of amino acids

29
Q

State a protein for each use
1 - Enzyme
2 - Structural
3 - Hormone

A

Enzyme Protein = Amylase
Structural Protein = Collagen
Hormone Protein = Insulin

30
Q

What determines the order of amino acids?

A

The sequence of bases in the gene for that protein.

31
Q

What is a triplet?

A

three bases lined up

32
Q

What does each triplet of bases code for?

A

a specific amino acid.

33
Q

Where does transcription happen?

A

Nucleus

34
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messenger RNA

35
Q

Is mRNA single or double stranded?

A

Single Stranded

36
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

The base sequence of the gene is copied into a complementary template molecule

37
Q

What are the bases used in mRNA?

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil instead of Thymine

38
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

By Ribosomes.

39
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

40
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Translation RNA

GCSE's Biology (15 decks)

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