Final P1 Flashcards
Where is bile produced?
Liver
Where is bile stored?
Gall Bladder
What are pleural membranes?
Thin layers that reduce friction between the lungs and the inside of the chest wall during breathing.
What is the pleural fluid?
Fluid found in the pleural cavity (between the pleural membrane layers). It further reduces friction during breathing.
Why do red blood cells have no nucleus?
So more oxygen can be carried.
Which white blood cell engulfs the pathogen?
Phagocyte
Which white blood cell releases antibodies specific to the pathogen?
Lymphocyte
Describe how a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen.
The phagocyte attaches to the pathogen, then the phagocyte’s cell membrane surrounds the pathogen and engulfs it.
How do phagocytes make a pathogen; ‘non-specific’.
The enzymes found inside the phagocyte break down the pathogen and destroy it.
Which white blood cell detects the antigen proteins on the surface of pathogens?
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes release antibodies to bind the the antigens of foreign pathogens, during this time a person may be ill.
How do antibodies work and make it easier for phagocytes to destroy pathogens?
They are released into the bloodstream and travel to the pathogen. They bind with the antigens, causing pathogens to stick together. Which restricts their movement and makes engulfing / destroying easier.
What links the CNS to sense organs?
Nerves
What organs does the CNS comprise of?
Brain
Spinal Cord
What is the organism called that is created after fertilisation?
Zygote
How does a zygote become an embryo?
Cell division through mitosis
Plants can reproduce asexually through both natural and artificial methods.
Give an example of each.
Natural = Runners
Artificial = Cuttings
What is a genome?
The entire DNA of an organism.
What is a gene?
A specific section of a molecule of DNA which codes for a different protein.
Where are genes located?
In chromosomes inside of the nucleus of a cell
Diploid number =
46
Haploid number =
23
What is a genotype?
set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait
What are Phenotypes?
The expression of a particular trait due to the individual’s genetic makeup and environment.
What is polygenic inheritance?
one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes.
Define population.
all the members of a single species that live in a habitat
Define community.
all the populations of different organisms that live together in a habitat
Define habitat.
the place where an organism lives
Define ecosystem.
a community and the habitat in which it lives
Define environment.
all the conditions that surround a living organism
Which gases form acid rain?
Sulphur Dioxide
Nitrous Oxides
