PPQ Flashcards
Quick Questions from Past Papers
Scientists concluded that factors other than light must be limiting the maize growth.
Name two other abiotic factors that could limit growth. (2)
Water/Moisture
Temperature
C02 Concentration
Minerals
Give three reasons why not all the energy is transferred up the trophic levels. (3)
Not consumed
Respired
Egested/Not digested
excreted
During exercise, water is lost through sweating.
Explain the role of ADH following this water loss. (4)
Collecting duct
More permeable
More water reabsorbed into blood
Less water in urine/more in body
Explain what is meant by the term Genetically Modified. (2)
Gene/Allele
New/Different/Altered/Changed
What are the two functions of the Vagina in reproduction. (2)
Copulation/Intercourse
Birth
Water vapour is contributing much more highly to global warming than Carbon Dioxide.
Suggest why more attempts to reduce C02 emissions are being taken than attempts to reduce water vapour. (1)
CO2 levels are rising
CO2 emissions are much easier to control than water vapour
When blood is separated by a centrifuge components are in the tube based on density.
What is the most and least dense components of the blood?
Most = Red Blood Cells Least = Plasma Intermittent = White blood cells and platelets
Suggest why adult females are more likely to have anaemia than adult males. (1)
Menstruation/Periods/Loss of Uterus Lining
Plasma transports many molecules around the body.
Name a food molecule transported in plasma. (1)
Glucose/ amino acids / glycerol / fatty acids / vitamins
Plasma transports many molecules around the body.
Name a non-food molecule transported in plasma. (1)
hormones / antibody / plasma proteins / water / urea / carbon dioxide / oxygen
During Blood Transfusion suggest why the blood is vacuum-sealed and stored in a fridge (3)
Less Oxygen
Cold/Low temp
Less kinetic activity/enzyme action
Sterile
During Blood Transfusion suggest why an athlete uses their own blood instead of another persons. (2)
Reduce infection/Disease
Prevent Rejection or Coagulation
Same blood type
What is meant by anaerobic conditions. (1)
In the absence of Oxygen
Give one effect of adding too much nitrate to soil. (1)
Leaching
Eutrophication
Name the reproductive organ in which the placenta forms (1)
Uterus
What is meant by the term mutation? (2)
rare / random / chance / spontaneous;
change to DNA / allele / gene / chromosome(s);
What is a meta frame used in ecology? (1)
Quadrat. (Quadrant = 0)
Suggest how excess lipids increase the risk of heart disease. (3)
block / clog / reduce lumen / of artery / eq;
less oxygen (to heart)
less (aerobic) respiration
lactic acid / anaerobic respiration
State a function of lipids in the body. (1)
energy (store) / insulation / protection / cell membranes / myelin (sheaths)
Fatty acids are one component of a lipid molecule.
State another component. (1)
Glycerol
Explain how enzymes are used in genetic modification. (2)
restriction to cut DNA / gene / allele ;
ligase to join DNA / gene / allele .
Describe the role of a named vector in genetic modification. (2)
plasmid / virus / gene gun / eq;
transfer DNA / gene / allele into cell /organism / bacterium / eq;
Name the structure that contains the male sex cells involved in fertilisation. (1) (In plants)
anther(s) / pollen / pollen sac
Name the process that maintains a constant internal environment in the body. (1)
Homeostasis
Name the process which water content in blood is altered. (1)
Osmoregulation
Which organ carries out osmoregulation? (1)
Kidney
What is meant by the term Transgenic organism? (2)
contains gene / DNA / allele / genetic material;
from a different species.
Give an example of a current or potential use of a transgenic animal. (1)
- producing (human) organs;
- named animal making antibodies / proteins / hormones / eq;
- faster growing salmon / spider silk from goats / eq;
When a transgenic animal has been produced, it can be cloned. Explain the benefits of cloning this animal. (2)
genetically identical / no genetic variation;
saves the need to GM future organisms
Which characteristic of living organisms is this: (1)
- Production of new organisms
Reproduction
Which characteristic of living organisms is this: (1)
- Responding to surroundings
Sensitivity
Which characteristic of living organisms is this: (1)
- Removal of metabolic waste
Excretion
Which characteristic of living organisms is this: (1)
- Release of energy in cells
Respiration
Which characteristic of living organisms is this: (1)
- Increase in the number of cells
Growth
Which characteristic of living organisms is this: (1)
- Taking in of food
Nutrition
In which organ does Ultrafiltration occur? (1)
Kidney
In which organ does Ventilation occur? (1)
Lung(s)
In which organ does Insulin Secretion occur? (1)
Pancreas
In which organ does Hydrochloric Acid Secretion occur? (1)
Stomach
In which organ does Bile Production occur? (1)
Liver
Describe how smoking damages the lungs. (5)
- bronchitis;
- cilia (ted cells) anaesthetised / damaged;
- bacteria / pathogens / microorganisms;
- cancer / carcinogens / tumour;
- tar;
- emphysema;
- less surface area / less gas exchange / less diffusion;
- idea that alveoli digested / damaged / fused.
What molecule is used to store carbohydrates in Animals? (1)
Glycogen
What molecule is used to store carbohydrates in Plants? (1)
Starch / Sucrose
What molecule is used to store carbohydrates in a mushroom? (1)
Glycogen - It is a fungi
Due to eutrophication, a lake can become anoxic.
Suggest what an anoxic lake is. (1)
All dissolved oxygen in the lake is gone
Growth hormone is a protein present in milk of cows.
Some people are worried it may harm humans.
Suggest why pasteurising the milk eliminates the concern. (2)
The milk is heated to a very high temperature (62*C)
This denatures the protein enzymes in the milk.
What is the biological term for a restriction enzyme? (1)
Endonuclease
Give an explanation for the decreasing number of heart attack from 1969 - 1998. (1)
less smoking / less fat in diet / less alcohol / less salt / more exercise / eq;
Explain why reducing the blood supply to the heart muscle cells can cause a heart attack. (3)
- less oxygen;
- less (aerobic) respiration;
- anaerobic respiration;
- lactic acid / low pH;
- enzymes denatured;
A couple want to control their fertility, the man plans to cut his seminal duct. Explain how this would stop the partner becoming pregnant. (2)
- prevent sperm leaving penis / leaving urethra;
2. no fertilisation / fusion / sperm can’t reach.
Another for of fertility control is for the woman to cut her oviducts, suggest why the vasectomy is more popular than this. (2)
- testes outside / ovaries inside;
- can use local anaesthetic / no major surgery / less risk/ safer
less invasive/does not affect other organs - possible to reverse a vasectomy
What is meant by the term pathogen? (1)
(organism that) causes disease / causes infection
Describe how a non-resistant bacterium can produce a resistant bacterium. (2)
- mutation;
- (involves) gene / DNA / allele / genetic material / eq;
- random / chance / rare / spontaneous;
Explain how a vaccination will protect a human from having an infection. (3)
- antigen OR dead / weakened / attenuated / inactive pathogen
bacterium / virus; - memory cells / memory lymphocytes;
- antibody;
- soon(er) / fast / quick / more of antibody / eq;
Describe how natural selection increases the number of alligators with alligacin in their blood. (3)
- those with alligacin survive / not killed / live / eq;
- reproduce / breed / produce offspring;
- pass on allele / gene / DNA for alligacin;
Suggest two reasons why an alligator would defend its territory. (2)
- protect food / prey / eq;
- protect mates / females / eq;
- protect nests / young / eggs /offspring / eq;
Suggest why the rate of sweating changes when a person does exercise, such as running. (4)
- muscles;
- respiration;
- heat / thermal energy produced / eq;
- evaporation;
- cooling / body temperature falls / maintain body temperature / prevent over heating / removes heat from body / eq;
Suggest a method that could be used to measure the rate of sweating. (3)
- measure mass / weight / area / volume / moisture / colour
change (of cobalt chloride); - apparatus used to measure: clothing / shirt / paper towel /
cotton wool / measuring cylinder / moisture sensor / cobalt
chloride / eq; - reference to time;
- repeat / average (mean)
Describe the process that decomposes wood. (2)
- bacteria / fungi / saprotrophs / saprophytes;
- use enzymes;
- break down / digest;
State two ways in which deforestation can lead to poor soil quality. (2)
- less minerals / leaching / less humus / less dead organic matter from leaf fall / fewer dead trees / less decomposition of trees;
- less soil / soil erosion / unstable soil / flooded soil /
waterlogged soil / soil washed away / eq;
Suggest two reasons why the energy transfer from plants to primary consumers is not 100%. (2)
- respiration;
- not digested / cellulose / egested / faeces;
- not eaten / eq;
Explain what is meant by the term transgenic organism. (2)
- contains gene / allele / DNA;
2. from different species;
Give one example of the use of transgenic organisms. (1)
insulin production / gene therapy / herbicide resistance / golden rice / organ transplants / human organs / named drug production / anti-freeze gene into strawberries / bioluminescence / spider silk. eq.
Suggest why the calorimeter has an insulated outer container. (2)
- less heat loss / prevent heat loss / eq;
2. (more) accurate;
Explain what is meant by the term, anomaly. (1)
result that does not fit pattern / odd result / outlier / wildly out / rogue value / eq;
Fat is a large insoluble food molecule, name two other large insoluble molecules that can be found in food that contain energy. (2)
- starch / cellulose / glycogen / polysaccharide;
- protein;
- – Ignore Carbohydrates
- – Reject Sugar / glucose / maltose
Which organelle in yeast controls the movement of molecules into the cell? (1)
Cell membrane
Which organelle in yeast contains DNA that controls the cell? (1)
Nucleus
What is meant by the term organ? (1)
made from tissue(s) + perform a specific function / eq;
T/F: (1)
Yeast has cell walls made of chitin.
True
T/F: (1)
Yeast is used in the production of beer.
True
T/F: (1)
Yeast contains chloroplasts.
False
T/F: (1)
Yeast can only reproduce inside living cells.
False
T/F: (1)
Yeast contains plasmids.
False
Lions’ eyes are adapted to allow them to see well in dim light. Their eyes have a layer of cells behind the retina that reflect light that has passed through the retina.
Suggest how this helps the lion see in dim light. (1)
light passes through retina twice / more light through retina / more retina cells stimulated / reflects back through retina.
When a lion catches prey, it breaks down the meat into small pieces in it’s mouth before swallowing.
Suggest why the saliva released does not contain amylase. (2)
Because meat is a protein, (not starch);
therefore, amylase has no effect as it digests starch not protein.
When a lion catches prey, it breaks down the meat into small pieces in it’s mouth before swallowing.
Explain how tearing the met into smaller chunks helps aid digestion in the stomach. (2)
Larger SA:V ratio;
for the protease / pepsin enzyme to act upon.
In order to measure pollen count, pollen is collected using glass slides coated in jelly. The pollen grains stick to the jelly and can be collected / counted.
Suggest two abiotic (non-living) factors that could affect the number of pollen grains that land on the slides. (2)
- Rain / precipitation / humidity
- temperature
- Wind
Give two advantages of using biological control rather than pesticides to reduce the number of fire ants. (2)
- greater decrease in pest numbers / kills more ants
- lasts longer / ant numbers stay low for longer
- no risk of (antibiotic) resistance
- no need to reapply (as reproduction occurs)
- specific / does not kill other living organisms / lesser effect on food chains / no bioaccumulation / eq;
Where does glucose reabsorbtion happen? (1)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (< Nephron < Kidney)
Where does ultrafiltration occur? (1)
Glomerulus (< Nephron < Kidney)
Explain how you can tell the right side of the heart from the left. (1)
- Right is less muscular / thinner walled
What is the pulmonary artery? (1)
the artery carrying de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.
Explain why the structure of the two ventricles are different. (2)
- left ventricle has more muscle than the right;
- for a stronger force / stronger pumping / eq;
- blood travels further around body / eq;
Which valve separates the Right Ventricle and Right Aorta? (1)
Tricuspid valve. (allow AV / atrioventricular valve)
Describe the function of an atrioventricular valve / AV? (1)
prevent back-flow of blood / blood flows in one direction / allows blood to flow from atrium to ventricle but not vice-versa / eq;
Sometimes a baby is born with a hole between their ventricles.
Suggest the effects that this condition may have on a baby. (3)
- Allows blood to mix in heart
- Mixing De-Oxygenated and Oxygenated blood
- Less Oxygen (transported in blood) (to body / cells)
- Less aerobic respiration / more anaerobic respiration
- Less growth / development.
A student is measuring the effect of exercise on heart rate.
Describe how the student could measure heart rate. (2)
- (place fingers on) artery / wrist / neck /
chest / use heart monitor - count pulse/beat/pumps in one minute / measure in bpm
What greenhouse gas is produced by cows? (1)
Methane (CH4)
What greenhouse gas is produced by destroying old refrigerators? (1)
Chlorofluorocarbons / CFC
Suggest two advantages of using fewer antibiotics in fish farms. (2)
- humans do not want to eat antibiotics;
- passes along food chain / no bioaccumulation;
- less chance of (bacterial) resistance;
Methods of fish farming have changed as more countries become involved in the industry.
Suggest two reasons why more of our fish are supplied from fish farming rather than from traditional fishing. (2)
- can control size / age / mass /species / growth / faster production / grow faster / control health / control disease / complete dietary control;
- can selectively breed / genetically modify;
- reduces over-fishing / sustainable / less risk to food chains / less chance of catching other species / less chance of catching rare fish / prevents extinction;
- high yield / large numbers of fish / guaranteed harvest / regular supply / available all year;
- safer / less risk for fishermen / eq;
State one advantage of using water from under the ground rather than from rivers. (1)
fewer pathogens / less eutrophication / less fertiliser / less sewage / less human waste / less faeces / less chance of disease / infection / eq;
Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis. (2)
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2;
Explain how very high temperatures might reduce the growth of plants. (4)
- less photosynthesis;
- (more) transpiration / evaporation / loss of water / eq;
- wilting / stomata close / less mineral ion transport;
- less carbon dioxide uptake;
- enzymes denature / change in shape of active site.
Which type of cell division produces 2 daughter cells? (1)
Mitosis
Name a part of a flowering plant where meiosis occurs. (1)
anther / ovule / ovary
Name a part of a flowering plant where mitosis occurs. (1)
Any named part of a plant;
eg growing region / tip / stem / root / buds / leaf / embryo / cuttings / callus / bulb / pollen tube.
Explain what is meant by the term digestion. (2)
- Breakdown / breaking down of;
- (large molecules) to small;
- (insoluble) to soluble.
Explain why dogs that have had their pancreas removed produced urine that contained glucose. (3)
- (no) insulin;
- high blood glucose level / excess blood glucose / glucose not converted to glycogen / less glucose absorbed / eq;
- not (re)absorbed (in kidney) / eq;
Name two enzymes that are produced by cells in the Pancreas. (2)
- amylase / carbohydrase;
- lipase;
- protease / trypsin / peptidase;
Which two hormones balance blood glucose levels. (2)
Insulin (when high)
Glucogen (when low)
What is an endocrine organ? (1)
Organs which secrete hormones or other products directly into the bloodstream.
Suggest why rabbits that have had their pancreatic duct tied can still regulate their blood glucose levels. (1)
Insulin / hormone travels in bloodstream;
The pancreas in an endocrine organ.
Name the blood vessel that transports hormones into the liver. (1)
Hepatic Artery
Suggest one advantage of storing glycogen in cells rather than glucose in cells. (1)
insoluble / does not dissolve / no osmotic effect / eq;
What is the stimulus in the control of blood glucose levels. (1)
change in glucose (level) / high glucose / low glucose
What is the structure that acts as a receptor in the control of blood glucose levels. (1)
Pancreas
What organ detects irregular blood glucose levels. (1)
Pancreas
Where is the Islets of Langerhans located? (1)
In the Pancreas
Explain why the milk needs to be cooled to 45*C after pasteurisation and sterilisation during the production of yoghurt. (2)
- prevent killing / prevent enzyme denaturation;
2. bacteria / Lactobacillus / Streptococcus.
Explain what would happen if the yoghurt was put into non-sterilised jars. (2)
- less production / product contaminated / spoil taste
2. (other) bacteria present / bacteria not killed / bacteria would compete / bacteria use lactose / eq;
Sometimes fruit is added to yoghurt as a flavouring.
Suggest how adding fruit to yoghurt also helps to maintain healthy skin. (1)
Vitamin C,
Prevents scurvy.
(Allow Vitamin A)
Name a molecule that can be made in plants using the mineral ion Magnesium. (1)
Chlorophyll - (ignore Chloroplast)
Name a molecule that can be made in plants using the mineral ion Nitrogen. (1)
amino acid / protein / peptide / polypeptide / DNA / RNA / nucleic acid
Suggest how a student could see if germination had taken place. (1)
radicle / plumule / shoot / root / sprout / seed split / testa split / coat split / eq;
Seeds such as beans or peas contain larger food stores.
Suggest a food molecule that seeds could use as a food store. (1)
starch / lipid / oil / protein
ignore carbohydrate) (allow fat
Explain why it is important for seeds to have a food store. (2)
- energy / respiration;
- lack leaves / no light / under the ground / eq;
- cannot carry out photosynthesis.
Describe an experiment you could carry out to determine the energy content of a seed. (4)
- ignite seed / eq;
- transfer under tube of water / use of calorimeter;
- quick transfer / complete combustion / relight;
- mass of water / volume of water / eq;
- measure increase in temperature / measure temperature at start and at end;
- repeat / eq;
In the water cycle, what process transports water from oceans, lakes and streams into the clouds. (1)
Evaporation
In the water cycle, what process transports water from plants into the clouds. (1)
Transpiration
In the water cycle, what process transports water from the clouds to the ground. (1)
Precipitation / rain / snow / eq.
Explain the possible consequences of deforestation for the water cycle. (2)
- less transpiration / less water loss from plants / eq;
- less cloud formation / condensation;
- less precipitation / rain / less water falls on the ground / eq;
Deforestation also effects the carbon cycle.
Explain these effects. (4)
- (less) photosynthesis;
- more carbon dioxide in air / less carbon dioxide absorbed;
- less consumption of plants / eq;
- less decomposition / decay;
- burning of trees produces carbon dioxide
Suggest the function of the head of the sperm cell. (2)
- gain entry / break through egg membrane / break into egg / penetrate egg / eq;
- chromosomes / DNA / genes / alleles / genetic material;
Suggest the function of the tail of the sperm cell. (1)
swim / move / eq;
Suggest the function of the middle peice of the sperm cell. (2)
- respiration;
2. ATP / energy;
Suggest two ways in which the structure of a motor neurone is adapted for its function. (2)
- dendrites connect with other neurones / eq;
- axon carries/allows impulse / eq;
- myelin sheath for protection / insulation / faster impulse / eq;
- synapses with muscle fibres;
Which organelle has to be seen through an electron microscope? (1)
Ribosome
What is the function of the optic nerve? (1)
(Visual) impulses / signals to the brain / CNS
Suggest how a scientist could measure the mass of organic material in a sample of river mud. (3)
separate/remove organic material/ organisms from mud;
weigh organic material / weigh organisms;
more than one sample used / several quadrats;
State the number of chromosomes in the nucleus of a sperm cell. (1)
23
Diary farmers want their cows to produce more female offspring. Scientists have developed a method to increase the percentage of female offspring from cows.
Suggest why dairy farmers want their cows to produce more females. (1)
More milk production.
Name the part of the yeast cell that is made of chitin. (1)
Cell wall
Name the carbohydrate stored in the cytoplasm of a yeast cell (1)
Glycogen
Which organ is responsible for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin? (1)
Lungs
Which organ is responsible for the secretion of oestrogen? (1)
Ovaries
Which organ is responsible for the formation of sperm? (1)
Testes
Which organ is responsible for storing urine? (1)
Bladder
State three negative effects of increased CO2 in the atmosphere. (3)
- global warming/ greenhouse effect;
- melting ice caps / rising sea levels / flooding / eq;
- drought / climate change / extreme weather / hurricanes /desertification / eq;
- habitat destruction / acidification / bleaching of coral / damage to coral reefs;
- extinction / affect food chains / eq;
- migration / change in distribution / spread of disease / spread of pests / eq
Name the major blood vessel that takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle around the body. (1)
Aorta
Name the vein which takes blood out of the liver. (1)
Hepatic Vein
Which blood vessel delivers blood into the kidney? (1)
Renal Artery
Name the blood vessel taking large amounts of de-oxygenated blood to the heart. (1)
Vena Cava
Name an artery that carries large amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood. (1)
Pulmonary Artery.
Which blood vessel takes blood at the highest pressure? (1)
Aorta
A synthetic material has been created to replicate an artery.
State two properties that this synthetic material should have so that it can act as a suitable replacement for a damaged artery. (2)
- Strong
- Flexible / elasticated
- Non-perishable
- Does not cause immune response
- Smooth / non-clotting
Give the name for controlling the internal environment (1)
Homeostasis
Give the name for controlling the concentration of the blood (1)
Osmoregulation
Which chamber of the heart has a thin muscular wall and contains de-oxygenated blood? (1)
Right Atrium
The CNS is made up of two organs the brain and the spinal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_; (1) is it the - Chord? or - Cord?
Cord; no h.
The base Sequence of one strand of DNA is AATCCG.
The small RNA molecule that binds with this specific base sequence is: (1)
UUAGGC
A -U
T -A
C -G
G -C
