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GCSE's Biology > Co-ordination and response > Flashcards

Co-ordination and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Receptors?

A

Receptors detect stimuli. Receptors in sense organs are cells which detect external stimuli.

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2
Q

What are Effectors?

A

Cells that bring about a response to stimuli. They include muscle cells and cells found in glands. Muscle effectors contract and gland effectors secrete hormones

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3
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

The connection between two neurones is called a synapse.

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4
Q

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The Brain and Spinal cord only.

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5
Q

What is the Nervous Cystem

A

All the neurones (nerve cells) in your body.

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6
Q

What are the three types of neurone?

A
  • Sensory
  • Relay
  • Motor
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7
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Chemicals which transfer nerve signals across the synapse through diffusion across the gap

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8
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Reflexes are automatic responses to certain stimuli which reduce the chance of an injury.

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9
Q

What part of the CNS does a reflex arc go through?

A

Typically the spinal cord but it can go through the unconcious part of the brain.

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10
Q

Why are reflex arcs faster than a normal one?

A

Because you don’t need to think about the response (which takes time).

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11
Q

What does a relay neurone do?

A

Relays the impulse to a motor neurone from a sensory neurone.

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12
Q

What is the order of neurones receiving the impulse?

A

Sensory -> Relay -> Motor

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13
Q

What is the function of the Conjunctiva?

A

Lubricates and protects the eye

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14
Q

What is the function of the Cornea?

A

Refracts light into the eye

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15
Q

What is the function of the Iris?

A

Controls the diameter of the pupil.

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16
Q

What is the function of the Lens?

A

Focuses light onto the retina

17
Q

What is the function of the Retina?

A

Converting light into neural pictures

18
Q

What is the function of the Optic Nerve?

A

Transports information to the brain

19
Q

What is the function of the Sclera?

A

Tough outer layer that protects the eye

20
Q

Function of the pupil?

A

The iris changes pupil size to allow varying light levels into the eye

21
Q

What is accommodation of the eye?

A

Changing the shape of the lens to focus light onto the retina.

22
Q

How is the eye changed when looking at distant objects?

A

1) The cilary muscles relax, allowing the suspensory ligaments to tighten.
2) This thins the lens (less curved).
3) So it refracts less light.

23
Q

How does the eye accommodate to close objects?

A

1) The cilary muscles contract, which slackens the suspensory ligaments.
2) The lens becomes more fat.
3) So it increases the refracted light.

24
Q

What are 3 main differences between nerves and hormones

A

Nerves Hormone

1) Very Fast message / Slower message
2) Short time response / Long time response
3) Act on a precise area / Act on a more general area

25
Q

Where are Hormones produced?

A

Glands

26
Q

What carries hormones round the body?

A

They are carried in the blood plasma but only effect target cells.

27
Q

What is human body temp kept at?

A

Fluctuating around 37*C

28
Q

Define Homeostasis:

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

29
Q

How does the body cool itself down when it is too hot?

A
  • Sweating
  • Vasodilation
  • Hairs lie flat
30
Q

How does the body heat itself up when it is too cold?

A
  • Little sweat produced
  • Shivering
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Hairs erect
31
Q

Which organisms can lose or gain heat very quickly

- Large or Small ones?

A

Small, this is because they have a huge SA:V ratio and there is more area for heat to transfer across.

32
Q

Why do plants grow towards light?

A

To maximise the light intensity and absorption of light for maximised photosynthesis.

33
Q

What is Auxin?

A

The plant growth hormone

34
Q

What is Auxin’s effect on the root and on the shoot?

A 
Root = Inhibits growth
Shoot = Promotes growth
35
Q

Where is Auxin produced?

A

In the tip of the plant

36
Q

Which organ produces bile?

A

Liver

37
Q

Where is bile stroed?

A

Gall Bladder

GCSE's Biology (15 decks)

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