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Princeton Bio > Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Reproduction and Development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

male primary sex organs

A
  • testes
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2
Q

female primary sex organs

A
  • ovaries
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3
Q

scrotum

A
  • suspends testes outside body cavity
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4
Q

sperm need two things for maximum viability

A
  • cooler temperature for sperm synthesis. cooler than body temperature.
  • high testosterone levels
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5
Q

two jobs of the testes

A
  • make sperm

- make testosterone

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6
Q

interstitiaL cells

A
  • found in between tubules
  • Leydig cells
  • make testosterone
  • stimulated by LH
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7
Q

spermatogonia

A
  • undergoing replication and mitosis
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8
Q

sustentacular cells

A
  • form walls of seminiferous tubules
  • sertoli cells
  • sustain sperm development
  • secrete nutrients
  • secrete androgen binding protein
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9
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • happens on a daily basis
  • spermatogonium
    • mitosis to produce two spermatogonium
  • spermatogonium (2n2x) - 1
    • activate
  • primary spermatocyte (n2x) - 1
    • meiosis I
  • secondary spermatocytes (n2x) - 2
    • meiosis II
  • spermatid (n) - 4
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10
Q

primary sex organs

A
  • make gametes (sperm and ova)
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11
Q

seminiferous tubule

A
  • where sperm production takes place
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12
Q

androgen binding protein

A
  • binds testosterone to help concentrate it in the seminiferous tubules
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13
Q

spermatogonia

A
  • ultimately become sperm
  • found between sustentacular cells
  • still diploid
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14
Q

lumen of seminiferous tubule

A
  • find sperm
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15
Q

FSH

A
  • stimulate Susentacular cells

- stimulate Spermatogonia

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16
Q

vas deferens

A
  • long muscular duct
  • peristalsis for movement of the sperm
  • enters body cavity
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17
Q

epididymis

A
  • seminal vesicles come together to form
  • provide nutrients and keep sperm in a suspended state
  • gives swimming ability
  • final maturation of sperm and storage until ejaculation
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18
Q

urethra

A
  • carries both urine and semen

- not simultaneously

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19
Q

role of accessory glands

A
  • produce semen
  • nutritious (fructose)
  • alkaline fluid
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20
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • 60% of total ejaculate volume
  • fructose, HCO3-, activating enzymes
  • prostaglandins (trigger cervical dilation and vaginal contractions)
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21
Q

prostate

A
  • 35% of total ejaculate volume
  • “clotting factor” - 10 mins
  • keeping the sperm where they need to go
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22
Q

bulbourethral gland

A
  • 4% of total ejaculate volume
  • activated on arousal
  • secrete mucus to clean the urethra (precum) and neutralize any acid from urine
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23
Q

sperm pathway

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • urethra
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24
Q

sperm is what percent of ejaculate

A
  • only 1%
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25
Q

enlarged prostate

A
  • impinges on the urethra and makes it difficult for urine to pass through
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26
Q

physiological function of the penis

A
  • place sperm as close to cervix as possible
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27
Q

arousal under what control

A
  • parasympathetic control
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28
Q

erection

A
  • dilate the erectile arteries swelling the spongy tissue
  • penis become erect
  • labia and clitoris enlarge
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29
Q

lubrication

A
  • activation of bulbourethral gland (males)

- activate the greater vestibular glands (females)

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30
Q

orgasm under what control

A
  • parasympathetic control
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31
Q

emission

A
  • mix sperm and semen in urethra

- contraction of vas deferens and accessory glands

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32
Q

ejaculation

A
  • sperm are propelled through the vas deferens and ejaculated
  • reflexive rhythmic contraction
  • vagina contracts and cervix dilates
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33
Q

resolution under what control

A
  • sympathetic control
  • female resolution a lot longer than male
  • arteries constrict and blood leaves the erectile tissue
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34
Q

male system

A
  • wolffian system
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35
Q

female system

A
  • mullerian system

- default

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36
Q

gender development in males

A

XY -> 7-8 weeks of development -> testes

  • testosterone (develops Wolffians)
  • Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)
    • inhibits mullerian system
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37
Q

labia

A
  • skin folds that enclose openings

- clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal opening

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38
Q

greater vestibular glands

A
  • secrete alkaline mucus on arousal
  • help make vagina less acidic
  • near the back of the vestibule
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39
Q

mammary glands

A
  • produce milk (prolactin)

- oxytocin allows for milk letdown

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40
Q

vagina

A
  • stretchy and muscular
  • “birth canal”
  • acidic interior - keeps pathogens from growing. not good for sperm
41
Q

cervix

A
  • opening to the uterus
42
Q

non-fertile cervix

A
  • most days of the month

- closed, plugged by a thick, acidic mucus

43
Q

fertile cervix

A
  • only a few days of the month
  • dilate slightly ( 1 cm)
  • mucus becomes thin, stretchy, alkaline
44
Q

uterus

A
  • pregnancy develops here
45
Q

endometrium

A
  • built up and shed monthly

- fertilized egg implants here

46
Q

myometrium

A
  • smooth muscle layer (oxytocin)

- unique in that cell retain their ability to divide

47
Q

uterine tubes

A
  • connect uterus and ovary
  • fallopian tubes
  • fertilization occurs here
  • tubal ligation occurs
  • lined by cilia to move the egg to the uterus
48
Q

vestibule

A
  • urethral opening

- vaginal opening

49
Q

two jobs of the ovary

A
  • make the eggs (ova)

- make estrogen and progesterone

50
Q

oogenesis prenatal stage

A
  • oogonia
    • mitosis
  • oogonia (200K-400K)
    • activation
  • primary oocyte (halt in prophase I)
51
Q

monthly from puberty (menarche 1st cycle) to menopause

A
  • 5-6 primary oocytes
    • complete meiosis I
  • 1 secondary oocyte + first polar body
    • halt at metaphase II
  • ovulated and stops
52
Q

if fertilized

A
  • secondary oocyte
    • complete meiosis II
  • ovum + second polar body
53
Q

endocrine regulation of menstrual cycle

A
  • hypothalamus
    • GnRH
  • anterior pituitary
    • FSH, LH
  • ovary
    • estrogen, progesterone (feedback to AP and hypothalamus to turn off release of stimulus)
  • uterus
54
Q

follicular phase of ovarian cycle

A
  • days 1-13
  • build follicle (oocyte + all supporting cells)
  • triggered by FSH
  • secretes estrogen
55
Q

ovulation of ovarian cycle

A
  • day 14
  • release secondary oocyte and some supporting cells
  • triggered by LH surge
56
Q

luteal phase of ovarian cycle

A
  • days 15-26
  • corpus luteum forms from follicular remains
  • triggered by LH to maintain
  • secretes mostly progesterone and some estrogen
57
Q

menstruation of uterine cycle

A
  • days 1-5
  • low estrogen and progesterone
  • cause shedding of old endometrium
58
Q

proliferative phase of uterine cycle

A
  • day 6-14
  • rising estrogen and progesterone levels
  • causes rebuilding of endometrium
59
Q

secretory phase of uterine cycle

A
  • days 15-28
  • stable estrogen and progesterone
  • enhance endometrium in case implantation happens
  • secretion of nutrients into endometrium
    • glycogen, lipoproteins
60
Q

fertility drugs

A
  • work to increase the number of primary oocytes released
61
Q

structure of oocyte

A
  • oocyte
  • zone pellucida
  • granulosa cells
  • thecal cells
62
Q

estrogen positive feedback

A
  • at very high levels it feeds back to anterior pituitary to release more LH
  • at moderate levels it has negative feedback
63
Q

combined effect of estrogen and progesterone

A
  • strong negative feedback on anterior pituitary
64
Q

big link to endometrium

A
  • link to estrogen
65
Q

in presence of hcg

A
  • corpeus luteum does not degenerate
  • estrogen and progesterone levels do not fall off
  • never start shedding endometrium
66
Q

birth control pills

A
  • combination of estrogen and progesterone
  • stable levels of E and P day 7-28
  • inhibits FSH and LH
  • follicle not going to be stimulated to develop
  • no LH surge and no ovulation
  • less endometrium to make less likely for implantation.
  • periods are a lot shorter and lighter because there is a lot less endometrium to get rid of.
67
Q

fast block to polyspermy

A
  • egg membrane depolarizes to prevent other sperm from wanting to fertilize the egg
  • triggers slow block
68
Q

slow block to polyspermy

A
  • Ca2+ levels increase causing cortical reaction

- zona pellucida hardens and separates from egg surface

69
Q

acrosomal vesicles of sperm

A
  • top of sperm head
  • contain digestive enzymes to eat through corona radiata of egg
  • takes a few sperm to do this
70
Q

cleavage

A
  • dikaryon (1 cell with 2 nuclei)
  • oocyte meoisis II + kick out second polar body
  • syngamy (unity sperm and egg DNA)
  • zygote - single cell, diploid nucleus
  • 2-cell stage
    • replication and mitosis
  • morula - solid ball of cells
  • blastula - hollow ball of cells
    • implants in wall of uterus
  • traveling down uterine tubes to uterus.
71
Q

implantation

A
  • trophoblast

- inner cell mass

72
Q

inner cell mass

A
  • develop into fetus and umbilical cord
73
Q

trophoblast

A
  • becomes placenta
  • secretes hCG which replaces LH
  • corpus luteum maintained until the 3rd month when the placenta sustains itself
74
Q

stem cells

A
  • undifferentiated cells

- can reproduce to make more stem cells

75
Q

where are stem cells found?

A
  • brain
  • skin
  • bones
  • gonads
  • intestines
76
Q

body tissue stem cells

A
  • adult stem cells
77
Q

blastocyst stem cells

A
  • embryonic stem cells
78
Q

determination

A
  • cell becomes committed to a particular fate
  • irreversible
  • cytoplasmic and nuclear changes
79
Q

differentiation

A
  • physical changes to a specific cell type
80
Q

pluripotent cells

A
  • can become any cell type within the body

- cannot become the placenta (outside the embryo)

81
Q

multipotent cells

A
  • can become some but not all cell types

- bone marrow and blood stem cell

82
Q

totipotent cells

A
  • can become any cell type include placental cells

- zygote is the only cell that can do this

83
Q

embryonic stage

A
  • first 8 weeks of development after fertilization (2-10 weeks medically pregnant)
  • gastrulation
  • neurulation and organogenesis
84
Q

gastrulation

A
  • first half of embryonic stage

- form 3 primary germ layers

85
Q

endoderm

A
  • inner skin and glands (organs that secrete things)
  • GI and respiratory tract
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • adrenal gland
  • bladder
86
Q

mesoderm

A
  • muscle, bones, CV system, urogenital
  • blood
  • non-gland organs
87
Q

ectoderm

A
  • outer skin and nervous system

- hair, nails

88
Q

neurulation and organogenesis

A
  • second half of embryonic stage
  • form nervous system
  • form all organs in the body
89
Q

fetal stage

A
  • week 12 - visible gender ID
  • week 16 - baby muscle contractions can be felt by mom
  • week 24 - eyelids unfuse, baby responds to external stimuli
  • week 28 - testes descend if male
  • week 33 - surfactant to prevent collapse of alveoli
  • week 38 - full term birth
90
Q

3 triggers for labor

A
  • irritable uterus - wants to contract
  • placenta deteriorates
  • uterus is stretched
  • baby’s head stretches cervix
    • stimulates hypothalamus
    • posterior pit releases oxytocin
    • myometrium (uterus) contracts
      = positive feedback
91
Q

stage 1 of labor

A
  • cervical dilation (10 cm)
92
Q

stage 2 of labor

A
  • fetus is moved into birth canal and is born
93
Q

stage 3 of labor

A
  • the placenta is expelled
94
Q

baby changes

A
  • ALL CIRCULATORY IN NATURE
  • close lung bypasses
  • close liver bypass
  • close umbilical vessels
    • arteries close first - carry blood away from baby’s heart toward placenta
    • veins close second - carry blood toward baby heart away from placenta
  • stop making fetal hemoglobin
95
Q

changes in mom

A
  • delivers placenta
  • estrogen and progesterone drop
    • release inhibin on prolactin
  • prolactin levels rise
    • make milk -> baby nurses -> more prolactin
  • oxytocin
    • milk ejection -> baby nurses -> more oxytocin
96
Q

breached babies

A
  • harder to get baby moving and typically result in C sections
97
Q

lung bypass of baby

A
  • vessel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta (ductus arteriosus)
  • hole between the right and left atria
98
Q

fetal hemoglobin

A
  • has higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin
  • steal oxygen from mom’s hemoglobin so affinity must be higher
  • mom delivers less to tissues

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

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