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Princeton Bio > Renal and Digestive - Super High Yield! > Flashcards

Renal and Digestive - Super High Yield! Flashcards

1
Q

excretory organs

A
  • colon
  • liver
  • kidney
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2
Q

colon

A
  • eliminates solid waste
  • what we eat but do not absorb
  • bacteria
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3
Q

liver

A
  • eliminates hydrophobic wastes
  • eaten and absorbed but not dissolved in the plasma
  • bile salts
  • directly detoxifying
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4
Q

kidney

A
  • eliminates hydrophilic wastes

- material that is eaten and absorbed, and dissolved in plasma

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5
Q

other kidney functions

A
  • regulates bp
  • water balance
  • ion balance
  • long term pH
  • urea balance
  • homeostasis
  • activates vitamin D
  • secretes erythropoietin to make RBC
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6
Q

internal urinary sphincter

A
  • smooth muscle
  • under involuntary control
  • dilates
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7
Q

external urinary sphincter

A
  • skeletal muscle

- under conscious voluntary control

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8
Q

bladder

A
  • stores urine
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9
Q

difference between male and female urethra

A
  • males is longer
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10
Q

osmolarity of cortex versus medulla

A
  • osmolarity in cortex is much lower
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11
Q

why is medulla osmolarity higher

A
  • allows us to concentrate urine
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12
Q

processes to produce urine

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
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13
Q

filtration

A
  • moving a substance across a membrane using pressure

- moving blood plasma across a capillary wall using blood pressure

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14
Q

reabsorption

A
  • move a substance from the filtrate to the blood

- glucose, water, ions, AA, water soluble vitamins, HCO3-

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15
Q

secretion

A
  • move a substance from blood to the filtrate
  • H+, NH4+, some drugs, creatinine, toxins
  • ions can also be secreted (H+, K+)
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16
Q

creatinine

A
  • marker of kidney function
  • breakdown of muscle metabolism
  • if it’s increased patient needs dialysis
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17
Q

glomerulus

A
  • small hydrophilic molecules are pushed across by pressure
  • dilate afferent arteriole (approaches glomerulus)
  • constrict efferent arteriole (exits glomerulus)
    • to increase blood pressure
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18
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • 2/3 of reabsorption and secretion occurs
  • Na+, K+, Cl-, glucose, AAs, water, vitamins, HCO3
  • excretion of H+, NH4+, some drugs
  • filtrate roughly isotonic to plasma when it leaves.
  • composition and volume has decreased
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19
Q

descending limb of Loop of Henle

A
  • permeable to water

- impermeable to salt

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20
Q

ascending limb of Loop of Henle

A
  • impermeable to water
  • Na/K/Cl flows out
  • passively in medulla
  • actively pump out sodium in cortex and into surrounding tissue
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21
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • countercurrent multiplier
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22
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A
  • specializes in reabsorption/secretion
  • Ca2+ reabsorbed
  • where aldosterone has its effects
  • PTH increases
  • Calcitonin decreases
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23
Q

collecting duct

A
  • regulated water reabsorption
  • 10-12 nephrons feed into collecting duct
  • ADH (vasopressin) acts here
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24
Q

relationship between ADH and osmolarity

A
  • directly related

- as osmolarity increases, so does ADH.

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25
relationship between urine and blood
- opposite | - as volume of urine increases, volume of blood decreases and vice versa
26
volume and osmolarity relationship
- opposite
27
renin-angiotensin system
- angiotensinogen from liver - > angiotensin I by renin - > angiotensin II by ACE (in lungs) - > systemic vasoconstriction (increase BP) and increase aldosterone release
28
increase aldosterone release causes
- increase # of Na+/K+ ATPases in distal tubule - Increase in Na+ reabsorption and excretion of K+ into urine - increase blood osmolarity (also trigger ADH) - increase water reabsorption - increase in blood volume - increase in BP
29
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
- contact point between afferent artery and distal convoluted tubule
30
afferent artery
- baroreceptor | - if pressure falls too low, it releases renin
31
distal tubule
- chemoreceptor - if filtrate osmolarity falls too low - stimulate afferent artery to release renin - directly dilate the afferent arteriole to increase pressure in glomerulus
32
ANP role
- blood pressure regulation to bring down blood pressure
33
ANP steps
- high blood pressure - > atria of the heart stretches - > Right atrium releases ANP - inhibits aldosterone release (increase urine output) - vasodilator - inhibits renin release - decrease BP
34
alimentary canal
- long muscular tube that makes up the digestive system | - mouth to anus
35
accessory organs
- digestive role, not part of canal - liver - gallbladder - pancreas - salivary glands
36
bile
- amphipathic - from cholesterol and fat wastes - produced by liver
37
amphipathic
- polar and nonpolar
38
gallbladder
- stores and releases bile | - concentrates bile
39
emulsification of fats
- forms micelles to break fats into smaller parts | - makes it easier to digest
40
pancreas endocrine role
- insulin | - glucagon
41
insulin
- released due to high blood sugar. | - allows sugar into the cells
42
glucagon
- released due to low blood sugar
43
exocrine role of pancreas
- main source of digestive enzymes - proteases - lipases - amylases - nucleases - release bicarb to soak up H+
44
circular muscle of alimentary canal wall
- smooth - segmentation - mixing
45
mucosa of alimentary canal wall
- protection - digest/absorb - lubrication - mucus
46
what produces mucus
- globlet cells
47
submucosa of alimentary canal wall
- blood vessels - carbs and AAs - lymph vessels - lipids - nerves - enteric NS
48
serosa of alimentary canal wall
- connective tissue membrane
49
longitudinal muscle of alimentary canal wall
- wave of peristalsis moving bolus of food to mix it up
50
function of mouth
- grind food (mastication) - form the bolus - moisten food - begin starch digestion
51
structure of mouth
- teeth - tongue - salivary glands - technically accessory organs
52
exocrine
- through ducts onto cell surfaces
53
endocrine
- ductless secreted into the blood
54
exocrine role of mouth
- saliva - mostly water, mucus, and enzymes - lysozyme - kill bacteria - amylase - digest starch
55
endocrine role of stomach
- none
56
function of esophagus
- tube to carry food to stomach
57
structure of esophagus
- start skeletal, become smooth to control swallowing - epiglottis to cover trachea - cardiac (lower esophageal) sphincter - prevent reflux of stomach contents
58
exocrine role of esophagus
- none | - mucus found throughout the digestive tract
59
endocrine role of esophagus
- none
60
function of stomach
- little digestion and absorption | - storage tank for food
61
structure of stomach
- gastric glands with - goblet cells - parietal cells - chief cells - pyloric sphincter
62
pyloric sphincter
- regulate food entry into the small intestine
63
parietal cells
- secrete HCl to make stomach acid
64
chief cells
- secrete pepsinogen -> pepsin (protease) by HCl | - innate immunity
65
exocrine roles of stomach
- parietal cells | - chief cells
66
endocrine roles of stomach
- g cells scattered through stomach lumen
67
G cells
- secrete gastrin
68
gastrin
- activate gastric glands | - negative feedback from pH - if pH is too low will shut down secretion
69
function of small intestine
- most of digestion and absorption
70
structure of small intestine
- three regions: duodenum (5%), jejunum (40%), ileum (55%) | - huge increase in surface area: plicae -> villi -> microvilli (brush border)
71
exocrine role of small intestine
- enterokinase or enteropeptidase | - brush border enzymes
72
enterokinase
- activate trypsinogen to trypsin | - sets off a chain of enzyme activation
73
trypsin
- pancreatic protease | - secreted from pancreas
74
brush border enzymes
break down (final step in digestion) - disaccharides - dipeptides - creating monomers
75
endocrine role of small intestine
- enterogastrone - CCK - secretin
76
enterogastrone
- reduce stomach emptying and motility | - triggered by food in intestine
77
CCK
- cholecystkinin - increase bile release from liver in gallbladder - triggered by fats and proteins
78
secretin
- cause the pancreas to release bicarb due to low pH in duodenum
79
function of large intestine
- store and form feces | - absorb/secrete H2O and minerals
80
structure of large intestine
- bacteria - ileocecal valve - internal/external sphincters
81
bacteria
- produce vitamin K and provide natural flora to reduce growth of pathogens
82
vitamin K
- helping with blood clotting
83
ileocecal valve
- control release from small to large intestine | - relaxes when food is in stomach
84
internal sphincter
- smooth muscle control | - involuntary
85
external sphincter
- skeletal muscle control | - voluntary
86
exocrine role of large intestine
- none
87
endocrine role of large intestine
- none
88
if blood pressure falls
- kidney secretes renin
89
speed of renal regulation of blood pH
- slow
90
organization of alimentary canal wall
- mucosa - submucosa - muscle layer - serosa
91
circular muscle
- squeeze and contract width
92
longitudinal muscle
- make smaller or longer in length

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

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