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Princeton Bio > Renal and Digestive - Super High Yield! > Flashcards

Renal and Digestive - Super High Yield! Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

excretory organs

A
  • colon
  • liver
  • kidney
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2
Q

colon

A
  • eliminates solid waste
  • what we eat but do not absorb
  • bacteria
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3
Q

liver

A
  • eliminates hydrophobic wastes
  • eaten and absorbed but not dissolved in the plasma
  • bile salts
  • directly detoxifying
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4
Q

kidney

A
  • eliminates hydrophilic wastes

- material that is eaten and absorbed, and dissolved in plasma

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5
Q

other kidney functions

A
  • regulates bp
  • water balance
  • ion balance
  • long term pH
  • urea balance
  • homeostasis
  • activates vitamin D
  • secretes erythropoietin to make RBC
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6
Q

internal urinary sphincter

A
  • smooth muscle
  • under involuntary control
  • dilates
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7
Q

external urinary sphincter

A
  • skeletal muscle

- under conscious voluntary control

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8
Q

bladder

A
  • stores urine
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9
Q

difference between male and female urethra

A
  • males is longer
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10
Q

osmolarity of cortex versus medulla

A
  • osmolarity in cortex is much lower
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11
Q

why is medulla osmolarity higher

A
  • allows us to concentrate urine
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12
Q

processes to produce urine

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
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13
Q

filtration

A
  • moving a substance across a membrane using pressure

- moving blood plasma across a capillary wall using blood pressure

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14
Q

reabsorption

A
  • move a substance from the filtrate to the blood

- glucose, water, ions, AA, water soluble vitamins, HCO3-

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15
Q

secretion

A
  • move a substance from blood to the filtrate
  • H+, NH4+, some drugs, creatinine, toxins
  • ions can also be secreted (H+, K+)
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16
Q

creatinine

A
  • marker of kidney function
  • breakdown of muscle metabolism
  • if it’s increased patient needs dialysis
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17
Q

glomerulus

A
  • small hydrophilic molecules are pushed across by pressure
  • dilate afferent arteriole (approaches glomerulus)
  • constrict efferent arteriole (exits glomerulus)
    • to increase blood pressure
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18
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • 2/3 of reabsorption and secretion occurs
  • Na+, K+, Cl-, glucose, AAs, water, vitamins, HCO3
  • excretion of H+, NH4+, some drugs
  • filtrate roughly isotonic to plasma when it leaves.
  • composition and volume has decreased
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19
Q

descending limb of Loop of Henle

A
  • permeable to water

- impermeable to salt

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20
Q

ascending limb of Loop of Henle

A
  • impermeable to water
  • Na/K/Cl flows out
  • passively in medulla
  • actively pump out sodium in cortex and into surrounding tissue
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21
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • countercurrent multiplier
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22
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A
  • specializes in reabsorption/secretion
  • Ca2+ reabsorbed
  • where aldosterone has its effects
  • PTH increases
  • Calcitonin decreases
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23
Q

collecting duct

A
  • regulated water reabsorption
  • 10-12 nephrons feed into collecting duct
  • ADH (vasopressin) acts here
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24
Q

relationship between ADH and osmolarity

A
  • directly related

- as osmolarity increases, so does ADH.

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25
Q

relationship between urine and blood

A
  • opposite

- as volume of urine increases, volume of blood decreases and vice versa

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26
Q

volume and osmolarity relationship

A
  • opposite
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27
Q

renin-angiotensin system

A
  • angiotensinogen from liver
  • > angiotensin I by renin
  • > angiotensin II by ACE (in lungs)
  • > systemic vasoconstriction (increase BP) and increase aldosterone release
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28
Q

increase aldosterone release causes

A
  • increase # of Na+/K+ ATPases in distal tubule
  • Increase in Na+ reabsorption and excretion of K+ into urine
  • increase blood osmolarity (also trigger ADH)
  • increase water reabsorption
  • increase in blood volume
  • increase in BP
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29
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • contact point between afferent artery and distal convoluted tubule
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30
Q

afferent artery

A
  • baroreceptor

- if pressure falls too low, it releases renin

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31
Q

distal tubule

A
  • chemoreceptor - if filtrate osmolarity falls too low
  • stimulate afferent artery to release renin
  • directly dilate the afferent arteriole to increase pressure in glomerulus
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32
Q

ANP role

A
  • blood pressure regulation to bring down blood pressure
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33
Q

ANP steps

A
  • high blood pressure
  • > atria of the heart stretches
  • > Right atrium releases ANP - inhibits aldosterone release (increase urine output)
  • vasodilator
  • inhibits renin release
  • decrease BP
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34
Q

alimentary canal

A
  • long muscular tube that makes up the digestive system

- mouth to anus

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35
Q

accessory organs

A
  • digestive role, not part of canal
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • salivary glands
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36
Q

bile

A
  • amphipathic
  • from cholesterol and fat wastes
  • produced by liver
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37
Q

amphipathic

A
  • polar and nonpolar
38
Q

gallbladder

A
  • stores and releases bile

- concentrates bile

39
Q

emulsification of fats

A
  • forms micelles to break fats into smaller parts

- makes it easier to digest

40
Q

pancreas endocrine role

A
  • insulin

- glucagon

41
Q

insulin

A
  • released due to high blood sugar.

- allows sugar into the cells

42
Q

glucagon

A
  • released due to low blood sugar
43
Q

exocrine role of pancreas

A
  • main source of digestive enzymes
    • proteases
    • lipases
    • amylases
    • nucleases
  • release bicarb to soak up H+
44
Q

circular muscle of alimentary canal wall

A
  • smooth
  • segmentation
  • mixing
45
Q

mucosa of alimentary canal wall

A
  • protection
  • digest/absorb
  • lubrication
  • mucus
46
Q

what produces mucus

A
  • globlet cells
47
Q

submucosa of alimentary canal wall

A
  • blood vessels - carbs and AAs
  • lymph vessels - lipids
  • nerves - enteric NS
48
Q

serosa of alimentary canal wall

A
  • connective tissue membrane
49
Q

longitudinal muscle of alimentary canal wall

A
  • wave of peristalsis moving bolus of food to mix it up
50
Q

function of mouth

A
  • grind food (mastication)
  • form the bolus
  • moisten food
  • begin starch digestion
51
Q

structure of mouth

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands - technically accessory organs
52
Q

exocrine

A
  • through ducts onto cell surfaces
53
Q

endocrine

A
  • ductless secreted into the blood
54
Q

exocrine role of mouth

A
  • saliva - mostly water, mucus, and enzymes
  • lysozyme - kill bacteria
  • amylase - digest starch
55
Q

endocrine role of stomach

A
  • none
56
Q

function of esophagus

A
  • tube to carry food to stomach
57
Q

structure of esophagus

A
  • start skeletal, become smooth to control swallowing
  • epiglottis to cover trachea
  • cardiac (lower esophageal) sphincter - prevent reflux of stomach contents
58
Q

exocrine role of esophagus

A
  • none

- mucus found throughout the digestive tract

59
Q

endocrine role of esophagus

A
  • none
60
Q

function of stomach

A
  • little digestion and absorption

- storage tank for food

61
Q

structure of stomach

A
  • gastric glands with
    • goblet cells
    • parietal cells
    • chief cells
  • pyloric sphincter
62
Q

pyloric sphincter

A
  • regulate food entry into the small intestine
63
Q

parietal cells

A
  • secrete HCl to make stomach acid
64
Q

chief cells

A
  • secrete pepsinogen -> pepsin (protease) by HCl

- innate immunity

65
Q

exocrine roles of stomach

A
  • parietal cells

- chief cells

66
Q

endocrine roles of stomach

A
  • g cells scattered through stomach lumen
67
Q

G cells

A
  • secrete gastrin
68
Q

gastrin

A
  • activate gastric glands

- negative feedback from pH - if pH is too low will shut down secretion

69
Q

function of small intestine

A
  • most of digestion and absorption
70
Q

structure of small intestine

A
  • three regions: duodenum (5%), jejunum (40%), ileum (55%)

- huge increase in surface area: plicae -> villi -> microvilli (brush border)

71
Q

exocrine role of small intestine

A
  • enterokinase or enteropeptidase

- brush border enzymes

72
Q

enterokinase

A
  • activate trypsinogen to trypsin

- sets off a chain of enzyme activation

73
Q

trypsin

A
  • pancreatic protease

- secreted from pancreas

74
Q

brush border enzymes

A

break down (final step in digestion)

  • disaccharides
  • dipeptides
  • creating monomers
75
Q

endocrine role of small intestine

A
  • enterogastrone
  • CCK
  • secretin
76
Q

enterogastrone

A
  • reduce stomach emptying and motility

- triggered by food in intestine

77
Q

CCK

A
  • cholecystkinin
  • increase bile release from liver in gallbladder
  • triggered by fats and proteins
78
Q

secretin

A
  • cause the pancreas to release bicarb due to low pH in duodenum
79
Q

function of large intestine

A
  • store and form feces

- absorb/secrete H2O and minerals

80
Q

structure of large intestine

A
  • bacteria
  • ileocecal valve
  • internal/external sphincters
81
Q

bacteria

A
  • produce vitamin K and provide natural flora to reduce growth of pathogens
82
Q

vitamin K

A
  • helping with blood clotting
83
Q

ileocecal valve

A
  • control release from small to large intestine

- relaxes when food is in stomach

84
Q

internal sphincter

A
  • smooth muscle control

- involuntary

85
Q

external sphincter

A
  • skeletal muscle control

- voluntary

86
Q

exocrine role of large intestine

A
  • none
87
Q

endocrine role of large intestine

A
  • none
88
Q

if blood pressure falls

A
  • kidney secretes renin
89
Q

speed of renal regulation of blood pH

A
  • slow
90
Q

organization of alimentary canal wall

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscle layer
  • serosa
91
Q

circular muscle

A
  • squeeze and contract width
92
Q

longitudinal muscle

A
  • make smaller or longer in length

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

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