Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Immunology Flashcards
endocrine glands
- hormones
endocrine product
- peptide or steroid
endocrine location of product
- into the blood
endocrine ducts
- none
exocrine glands
- secretions with localized effects
exocrine products
- sweat
- tears
- oil
- saliva
- semen
exocrine location of products
- body cavities
- body surfaces
exocrine ducts
- yes; except mucus cells
peptide hormone made from
- amino acids
peptide hormone location of receptor
- cell membrane
peptide hormone mechanism of action
- second messenger system
peptide hormone speed of effects
- fast
peptide hormone longevity of effects
- short and temporary
steroid hormones made from
- cholesterol
steroid hormones location of receptor
- intracellular
- typically nucleus
steroid hormone mechanism of action
- binds to DNA or protein and alters transcription
steroid hormone speed of effects
- slow
steroid hormone longevity of effects
- longer and more permanent
three mechanisms to control hormone release
- neural
- hormonal
- humoral
neural
- action potential triggers release of the hormone
hormonal
- hormones that control the release of other hormones - tropic
humoral
- level of a molecule, not itself a hormone, in the blood that triggers release of a hormone
anterior pituitary
- adenohypophysis
- glandular tissue
- makes and secretes 6 major hormones
- controlled by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
- neurohypophysis
- nervous tissue
- store and release ADH and oxytocin made by somas in the hypothalamus
- controlled neutrally by the hypothalamus
pressure in veins
- low
blood movement in veins
- one way valves
- skeletal muscle contraction
- anything that “squishes” the vessel
muscular walls in veins
- no
elastic veins
- no
pressure in arteries
-high
blood movement in arteries
- moves by pressure gradient
- aorta -> arteries -> arterioles
muscular walls in arteries
- yes
elastic arteries
- yes
- can snap back to original shape after being stretched
albumin
- large blood protein
capillaries
- site of nutrient/waste exchange
- plasma (nutrients) moved into tissue by pressure mainly and osmolarity
- return plasma (wastes) by osmolarity
- huge cross-sectional area
lymphatic system
- structurally like veins
- lymph nodes - concentrated area of white blood cells
lymph nodes
- meet and greet for white blood cells
Flow of blood through the heart
- superior/inferior vena cava - from body
- RA
- tricuspid AV valve
- RV
- pulmonary semilunar valve
- pulmonary artery - to lungs
- pulmonary vein - from lungs
- LA
- bicuspid (mitral) AV valve
- LV
- aortic semilunar valve
- aorta - to body
systole
- ventricles are contracted
- atrias are relaxed
- high pressure
- pressure in arteries when heart is contracted
diastole
- atrias contracted
- ventricles relaxed
- low pressure
- pressure in arteries when heart is relaxed
lub sound
- close AV (tri and bi) valves
- begin systole
dub sound
- close semilunar valves
- begin diastole
what we see on a blood pressure monitor
- systolic - pressure in arteries when heart is contracted
- diastolic - pressure in arteries when heart is relaxed
blood pressure directly proportional to
- cardiac output
- peripheral resistance in arteries and veins
cardiac output (volume/min)
- stroke volume (volume/beat) X heart rate (beats/min)
Frank Starling’s Law
- the more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the greater the force of contraction
- more blood in. more blood out.
change stroke volume
- changes in volume of blood
- changes in activity level
- changes in position
peripheral resistance
- how hard it is to move through the blood vessels
vessels constricted
- decrease diameter
- decrease flow
- increase resistance
- increase blood pressure
vessels dilated
- increase diameter
- increase flow
- decrease resistance
- decrease blood pressure
cardiac muscle action potential
- phase 0: resting membrane potential
- phase 1: pass threshold and open voltage gated Na+ channels to depolarize
- phase 2: voltage gated Na+ channels close. voltage gated K+ channels open
- phase 3: voltage gated Ca2+ channels open to sustain depolarization
- phase 4: voltage gated Ca2+ channels close and the effects of K+ channels is now seen
- phase 5: voltage gated K+ channels close
- 200-300 msec
- creation of a very long absolute refractory period to prevent the frequency of action potentials high enough for the heart to enter tetany.
cardiac autorhythmic cell action potential
- occurs in the SA node
channels controlling the SA node
- na+ leak channels drive the cell to depolarize = resting heart rate around 100
- Ach gated K+ channels from the vagus nerve decrease the heart rate
atrial muscle cells and ventricular muscle cells are
- not electrically connected
- no gap junctions
AV node delays impulse, allowing
- atrias to contract first then ventricles
impulse travels from the bottom of the heart before entering the ventricular muscle allowing ventricles to contract from
- bottom to the top
- more efficient blood ejection
blood composition
- 54% plasma - liquid portion of blood
- 1% leukocytes
- 45% hematocrit
plasma
- water
- electrolytes (ions)
- glucose
- hormones
- wastes (urea)
- plasma proteins (albumin, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen)
- lipoproteins
leukocytes
- white blood cells
- platelets
hematocrit
- red blood cells
- higher in males
right shift in blood gas transport
- decrease pH
- increase H+
- increase pCO2
- high temp
- 2,3 BPG
hyperventilation and blood pH
- increases blood pH
- makes more basic
hypoventilation and blood pH
- decreases blood pH
- makes more acidic
nonspecific defense
- barriers
- chemicals
- cells
barriers
- skin
- mucus
- hair
- earwax
- skin oil
- natural flora
chemicals
- mucus
- lysozyme (saliva, tears)
- acidity of stomach
- complement system
- histamine
cells
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- natural killer cells
- eosinophils
- basophils
antigen
- antibody generating substance
- foreign protein that can trigger an immune response
antibody
- specific marker for an antigen
- classes: AGEDM
- prevent DAMAGE
IgA
- dimer, mucus and breast milk
IgM
- pentamer, primary immune response
IgG
- monomer, secondary immune response
pathogen
- disease causing organism
B cells
- humoral immunity
- antibody producing cells
- each B cell only makes one type of antibody
- diversity generated by DNA rearrangement
heavy chain
- constant recognized by other immune system components
light chain
- variable region
- antigen binding site
- arises by random assortment of different exons that code for the variable region
Types of T cells
- cell mediated immunity
- Killer T cells
- Helper T cells
killer T cells
- CD8
- kill our own abnormal cells (virus or cancer)
- looking for antigens on MHC 1
helper T cells
- secretes chemicals (cytokines) to activate killer Ts and B’s
- also secrete the neutrophils and macrophages
MHC I
- found on cells with a nucleus
- WOULD NOT BE FOUND ON RED BLOOD CELLS
- allows cells to display cell contents on cell surface
MHC II
- found on B cells and macrophages
- allows cells to display what has been eaten on cell surface
primary immune response
- first exposure to antigen
- 7-10 days
- antibody and active T cells
- memory B cells
secondary immune response
- 2nd exposure to antigen - vaccination
- <1 day
- antibody and active T cells
- more memory B cells
the immune system will target
- foreign proteins but not self proteins
body produces
- B and T cells that recognize a large number of proteins include our own
autoimmune diseases
- self reactive lymphocytes will attack our own antigens and cause this
to prevent autoimmune diseases
- identify and destroy cells that attack self antigen
where do we destroy self recognizing B cells
- bone marrow
where do we destroy self-recognizing t cells
- thymus
B and T cells recognize nonself
- released into circulation
- central tolerance
B and T cells recognize self
- cell surface proteins
- apoptosis of the cell
- normally T cells
- soluble proteins and other cell proteins
- anergic - lack of reaction
- primarily B cells
neurons in posterior pituitary
- neurons produce hormones
- transport hormones down axon
- release via action potential
- release into capillary bed -> veins -> carried out to body
hormone-making cells in anterior pituitary
- hormone making cells in both hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
- connected via capillary beds
- capillaries connected via portal veins (hypothalamic or hypophyseal)
portal system
- allow localized, direct delivery to a location in the body
arteries
- carry blood away from the heart
veins
- carry blood to heart
artery side of capillary
- push fluid out due to pressure
vein side of capillary
- absorb fluid due to osmosis
- not as great as that pushed out by pressure
cardiac autorhythmic
- Na+ leak channels depolarize
- slow voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open causing slow depolarization
- K+ channels open repolarizing
- immediately drift upward due to Na+ leak channels
cardiac conduction system
- highly specialized muscle cells
- lack contractile machinery
Organization of cardiac conduction system
- SA node - connect to atria
- AV node
- bundle of His
- bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers - connect to ventricular muscle cells
- bundle of His
heart rate controlled by
- SA node at 100 BPM
- parasympathetic (vagal) system slowing it down to 70-80 BPM
oxygen
- 3% dissolved in plasma
- 97% bound to hemoglobin
carbon dioxide
- 7% dissolved in plasma
- 20% bound to hemoglobin
- 73% in plasma as bicarb.
memory B cells
- basis for long term immunity
