Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Princeton Bio > Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Immunology > Flashcards

Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Immunology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

endocrine product

A
  • peptide or steroid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

endocrine location of product

A
  • into the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endocrine ducts

A
  • none
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • secretions with localized effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

exocrine products

A
  • sweat
  • tears
  • oil
  • saliva
  • semen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

exocrine location of products

A
  • body cavities

- body surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

exocrine ducts

A
  • yes; except mucus cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

peptide hormone made from

A
  • amino acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

peptide hormone location of receptor

A
  • cell membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

peptide hormone mechanism of action

A
  • second messenger system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

peptide hormone speed of effects

A
  • fast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

peptide hormone longevity of effects

A
  • short and temporary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

steroid hormones made from

A
  • cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

steroid hormones location of receptor

A
  • intracellular

- typically nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

steroid hormone mechanism of action

A
  • binds to DNA or protein and alters transcription
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

steroid hormone speed of effects

A
  • slow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

steroid hormone longevity of effects

A
  • longer and more permanent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

three mechanisms to control hormone release

A
  • neural
  • hormonal
  • humoral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

neural

A
  • action potential triggers release of the hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hormonal

A
  • hormones that control the release of other hormones - tropic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

humoral

A
  • level of a molecule, not itself a hormone, in the blood that triggers release of a hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  • adenohypophysis
  • glandular tissue
  • makes and secretes 6 major hormones
  • controlled by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • neurohypophysis
  • nervous tissue
  • store and release ADH and oxytocin made by somas in the hypothalamus
  • controlled neutrally by the hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pressure in veins

A
  • low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

blood movement in veins

A
  • one way valves
  • skeletal muscle contraction
  • anything that “squishes” the vessel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

muscular walls in veins

A
  • no
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

elastic veins

A
  • no
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pressure in arteries

A

-high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

blood movement in arteries

A
  • moves by pressure gradient

- aorta -> arteries -> arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

muscular walls in arteries

A
  • yes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

elastic arteries

A
  • yes

- can snap back to original shape after being stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

albumin

A
  • large blood protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

capillaries

A
  • site of nutrient/waste exchange
  • plasma (nutrients) moved into tissue by pressure mainly and osmolarity
  • return plasma (wastes) by osmolarity
  • huge cross-sectional area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • structurally like veins

- lymph nodes - concentrated area of white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • meet and greet for white blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A
  • superior/inferior vena cava - from body
  • RA
  • tricuspid AV valve
  • RV
  • pulmonary semilunar valve
  • pulmonary artery - to lungs
  • pulmonary vein - from lungs
  • LA
  • bicuspid (mitral) AV valve
  • LV
  • aortic semilunar valve
  • aorta - to body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

systole

A
  • ventricles are contracted
  • atrias are relaxed
  • high pressure
  • pressure in arteries when heart is contracted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

diastole

A
  • atrias contracted
  • ventricles relaxed
  • low pressure
  • pressure in arteries when heart is relaxed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

lub sound

A
  • close AV (tri and bi) valves

- begin systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

dub sound

A
  • close semilunar valves

- begin diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what we see on a blood pressure monitor

A
  • systolic - pressure in arteries when heart is contracted

- diastolic - pressure in arteries when heart is relaxed

43
Q

blood pressure directly proportional to

A
  • cardiac output

- peripheral resistance in arteries and veins

44
Q

cardiac output (volume/min)

A
  • stroke volume (volume/beat) X heart rate (beats/min)
45
Q

Frank Starling’s Law

A
  • the more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the greater the force of contraction
  • more blood in. more blood out.
46
Q

change stroke volume

A
  • changes in volume of blood
  • changes in activity level
  • changes in position
47
Q

peripheral resistance

A
  • how hard it is to move through the blood vessels
48
Q

vessels constricted

A
  • decrease diameter
  • decrease flow
  • increase resistance
  • increase blood pressure
49
Q

vessels dilated

A
  • increase diameter
  • increase flow
  • decrease resistance
  • decrease blood pressure
50
Q

cardiac muscle action potential

A
  • phase 0: resting membrane potential
  • phase 1: pass threshold and open voltage gated Na+ channels to depolarize
  • phase 2: voltage gated Na+ channels close. voltage gated K+ channels open
  • phase 3: voltage gated Ca2+ channels open to sustain depolarization
  • phase 4: voltage gated Ca2+ channels close and the effects of K+ channels is now seen
  • phase 5: voltage gated K+ channels close
  • 200-300 msec
  • creation of a very long absolute refractory period to prevent the frequency of action potentials high enough for the heart to enter tetany.
51
Q

cardiac autorhythmic cell action potential

A
  • occurs in the SA node
52
Q

channels controlling the SA node

A
  • na+ leak channels drive the cell to depolarize = resting heart rate around 100
  • Ach gated K+ channels from the vagus nerve decrease the heart rate
53
Q

atrial muscle cells and ventricular muscle cells are

A
  • not electrically connected

- no gap junctions

54
Q

AV node delays impulse, allowing

A
  • atrias to contract first then ventricles
55
Q

impulse travels from the bottom of the heart before entering the ventricular muscle allowing ventricles to contract from

A
  • bottom to the top

- more efficient blood ejection

56
Q

blood composition

A
  • 54% plasma - liquid portion of blood
  • 1% leukocytes
  • 45% hematocrit
57
Q

plasma

A
  • water
  • electrolytes (ions)
  • glucose
  • hormones
  • wastes (urea)
  • plasma proteins (albumin, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen)
  • lipoproteins
58
Q

leukocytes

A
  • white blood cells

- platelets

59
Q

hematocrit

A
  • red blood cells

- higher in males

60
Q

right shift in blood gas transport

A
  • decrease pH
  • increase H+
  • increase pCO2
  • high temp
  • 2,3 BPG
61
Q

hyperventilation and blood pH

A
  • increases blood pH

- makes more basic

62
Q

hypoventilation and blood pH

A
  • decreases blood pH

- makes more acidic

63
Q

nonspecific defense

A
  • barriers
  • chemicals
  • cells
64
Q

barriers

A
  • skin
  • mucus
  • hair
  • earwax
  • skin oil
  • natural flora
65
Q

chemicals

A
  • mucus
  • lysozyme (saliva, tears)
  • acidity of stomach
  • complement system
  • histamine
66
Q

cells

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • natural killer cells
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
67
Q

antigen

A
  • antibody generating substance

- foreign protein that can trigger an immune response

68
Q

antibody

A
  • specific marker for an antigen
  • classes: AGEDM
  • prevent DAMAGE
69
Q

IgA

A
  • dimer, mucus and breast milk
70
Q

IgM

A
  • pentamer, primary immune response
71
Q

IgG

A
  • monomer, secondary immune response
72
Q

pathogen

A
  • disease causing organism
73
Q

B cells

A
  • humoral immunity
  • antibody producing cells
  • each B cell only makes one type of antibody
  • diversity generated by DNA rearrangement
74
Q

heavy chain

A
  • constant recognized by other immune system components
75
Q

light chain

A
  • variable region
  • antigen binding site
  • arises by random assortment of different exons that code for the variable region
76
Q

Types of T cells

A
  • cell mediated immunity
  • Killer T cells
  • Helper T cells
77
Q

killer T cells

A
  • CD8
  • kill our own abnormal cells (virus or cancer)
  • looking for antigens on MHC 1
78
Q

helper T cells

A
  • secretes chemicals (cytokines) to activate killer Ts and B’s
  • also secrete the neutrophils and macrophages
79
Q

MHC I

A
  • found on cells with a nucleus
  • WOULD NOT BE FOUND ON RED BLOOD CELLS
  • allows cells to display cell contents on cell surface
80
Q

MHC II

A
  • found on B cells and macrophages

- allows cells to display what has been eaten on cell surface

81
Q

primary immune response

A
  • first exposure to antigen
  • 7-10 days
  • antibody and active T cells
  • memory B cells
82
Q

secondary immune response

A
  • 2nd exposure to antigen - vaccination
  • <1 day
  • antibody and active T cells
  • more memory B cells
83
Q

the immune system will target

A
  • foreign proteins but not self proteins
84
Q

body produces

A
  • B and T cells that recognize a large number of proteins include our own
85
Q

autoimmune diseases

A
  • self reactive lymphocytes will attack our own antigens and cause this
86
Q

to prevent autoimmune diseases

A
  • identify and destroy cells that attack self antigen
87
Q

where do we destroy self recognizing B cells

A
  • bone marrow
88
Q

where do we destroy self-recognizing t cells

A
  • thymus
89
Q

B and T cells recognize nonself

A
  • released into circulation

- central tolerance

90
Q

B and T cells recognize self

A
  • cell surface proteins
    • apoptosis of the cell
    • normally T cells
  • soluble proteins and other cell proteins
    • anergic - lack of reaction
    • primarily B cells
91
Q

neurons in posterior pituitary

A
  • neurons produce hormones
  • transport hormones down axon
  • release via action potential
  • release into capillary bed -> veins -> carried out to body
92
Q

hormone-making cells in anterior pituitary

A
  • hormone making cells in both hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
  • connected via capillary beds
  • capillaries connected via portal veins (hypothalamic or hypophyseal)
93
Q

portal system

A
  • allow localized, direct delivery to a location in the body
94
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
95
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood to heart
96
Q

artery side of capillary

A
  • push fluid out due to pressure
97
Q

vein side of capillary

A
  • absorb fluid due to osmosis

- not as great as that pushed out by pressure

98
Q

cardiac autorhythmic

A
  • Na+ leak channels depolarize
  • slow voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open causing slow depolarization
  • K+ channels open repolarizing
  • immediately drift upward due to Na+ leak channels
99
Q

cardiac conduction system

A
  • highly specialized muscle cells

- lack contractile machinery

100
Q

Organization of cardiac conduction system

A
  • SA node - connect to atria
  • AV node
    • bundle of His
      - bundle branches
      - Purkinje fibers - connect to ventricular muscle cells
101
Q

heart rate controlled by

A
  • SA node at 100 BPM

- parasympathetic (vagal) system slowing it down to 70-80 BPM

102
Q

oxygen

A
  • 3% dissolved in plasma

- 97% bound to hemoglobin

103
Q

carbon dioxide

A
  • 7% dissolved in plasma
  • 20% bound to hemoglobin
  • 73% in plasma as bicarb.
104
Q

memory B cells

A
  • basis for long term immunity

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions