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Princeton Bio > Muscular, Skeletal, and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Muscular, Skeletal, and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary motion
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2
Q

location of skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to the bones
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3
Q

nuclei of skeletal muscle

A
  • multinucleated
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4
Q

microscopic appearance of skeletal muscle

A
  • striated
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5
Q

hierarchy of muscle

A
  • protein filaments - actin and myosin
  • sarcomere
  • myofibril - string of sarcomeres
    + organelles
    + cytosol
    + plasma membrane
  • muscle cell - bundle of myofibrils
  • fascicle - bundle of muscle cells
  • whole muscle - bundle of fascicles

people say my mum fucks women

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6
Q

thick filament

A
  • myosin
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7
Q

thin filament

A
  • actin
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8
Q

sarcomere

A
  • functional unit of contraction
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9
Q

myofibril

A
  • string of sarcomeres
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10
Q

muscle cell

A
  • bundle of myofibrils

- also called a myofiber

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11
Q

fascicle

A
  • bundle of muscle cells
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12
Q

whole muscle

A
  • bundle of fascicles
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13
Q

T tubules

A
  • invaginations of the cell membrane

- allow action potential to travel into interior of cell

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14
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • stores Ca2+
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15
Q

Z lines

A
  • ends of the sarcomere
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16
Q

M line

A
  • middle of the myosin filament
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17
Q

A band

A
  • dark band at end of myosin filament

- full length of myosin and actin

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18
Q

I band

A
  • light band at end of myosin filament

- region that is actin only

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19
Q

H zone

A
  • zone where actin does not overlap myosin

- myosin only

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20
Q

In contraction

A
  • you lose the H zone
  • the I band becomes more narrow
  • HI I’m gone!
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21
Q

crossbridge formation

A
  • myosin binds to actin

- requires the presence of Ca2+

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22
Q

power stroke

A
  • myosin pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere
  • ATP NOT USED HERE
  • myosin returns to low energy position
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23
Q

release of actin

A
  • requires presence of ATP

- ATP comes in and boots off actin

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24
Q

reset of myosin head

A
  • resets to higher energy conformation

- requires ATP hydrolysis

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25
when you run out of ATP
- you can't release the actin | - rigor mortis
26
mysoin head groups operate
- asynchronously | - always need a "hand" on the rope to pull forward
27
excitation-contraction coupling - happens in thin filament
- skeletal muscle cell depolarizes - sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ from voltage-gated Ca2+ channels - Ca2+ levels in the cell increase - troponin binds Ca2+ - troponin changes confirmation which moves tropomyosin - myosin is now able to bind to actin and pull it to the midline -> contraction
28
motor units
- a neuron plus all of the muscle cells it controls | - somatic neuron
29
contraction of motor unit
- all or none
30
contraction of whole muscle cell
- graded | - trigger more or less motor units depending on strength of contraction you need
31
large muscles
- muscles of arms and legs | - 1 neuron controls 1000 cells
32
small muscles
- mouth, faces, eyes, fingers | - 1 neuron controls 10-20 cells
33
gross motor control
- a few large motor units for mass action
34
fine motor control
- many small motor units for precise control
35
muscle energy sources
- creatine-P + ADP -> creatine + ATP (SLS) - fastest - shortest, most explosive movements - glycolysis (2 net ATP, lactic acid) - run full lap - short term energy - aerobic respiration (30 ATP, 6 CO2, 6 H2O) - slowest - endurance activity
36
myoglobin
- stores O2 inside skeletal muscle | - 1/4 of a hemoglobin
37
oxygen debt
extra oxygen needed after exercise to: - replenish O2 on myoglobin - convert lactic acid into pyruvate in the liver
38
Bohr effect
rightward shift due to - pH decrease - increase pCO2 - increase temp - 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate - hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen and will deliver more to tissues.
39
slow twitch fibers also referred to as
- red oxidative or slow oxidative
40
slow twitch fibers myoglobin content
- high
41
slow twitch fibers capillary network
- dense
42
slow twitch fibers speed of contraction
- slow
43
slow twitch fibers mitochondrial numbers
- large
44
slow twitch fibers fatigue resistance
- high
45
slow twitch fibers force generated
- low
46
slow twitch fibers example
- thigh muscles of marathon runners
47
type IIA fast twitch fibers referred to as
- white oxidative
48
type IIA fast twitch fibers myoglobin content
- medium
49
type IIA fast twitch fibers capillary network
- some
50
type IIA fast twitch fibers speed of contraction
- medium
51
type IIA fast twitch fibers mitochondrial numbers
- medium
52
type IIA fast twitch fibers fatigue resistance
- medium
53
type IIA fast twitch fibers force generated
- medium
54
type IIA fast twitch fibers example
- thigh muscles of 5K runners
55
type IIB fast twitch fibers also referred to as
- white fast twitch
56
type IIB fast twitch fibers myoglobin content
- low
57
type IIB fast twitch fibers capillary network
- sparse
58
type IIB fast twitch fibers speed of contraction
- fast
59
type IIB fast twitch fibers mitochondrial numbers
- low
60
type IIB fast twitch fibers fatigue resistance
- low
61
type IIB fast twitch fibers force generated
- high
62
type IIB fast twitch fibers example
- thigh muscles of sprinters.
63
function of cardiac muscle
- autonomic (involuntary) | - autorhythmic
64
location of cardiac muscle
- heart only
65
nuclei of cardiac muscle
- mononucleated
66
microscopic appearance of cardiac muscle
- striated - put together the same way as skeletal muscle and contracts the same way - Ca2+ can come from extracellular environment
67
function of smooth muscle
- autonomic NS (involuntary) - neural stimulation - hormones (oxytocin trigger contraction) - mechanical (food trigger contraction) - autorhythmic
68
location of smooth muscle
- walls of hollow organs | - stomach, bladder, intestinal, blood vessels
69
nuclei of smooth muscle
- mononucleated
70
microscopic appearance of smooth muscle
- nonstriated
71
osteoblasts
- builder - able to divide, immature cell - produce matrix - calcitonin
72
osteocytes
- mature - maintain the bone matrix - usually don't divide
73
matrix divides into
- fibers | - ground substance
74
fibers
- collagen - strength | - elastic - flexible, recoil
75
ground substance
- liquid from plasma | - solid bone
76
epiphysis
- end of the bone
77
diaphysis
- middle of the bone
78
epiphyseal plate
- growth plate | - separates epiphysis and diaphysis during childhood
79
spongy bone
- inside bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
80
medullary cavity
- filled with - yellow marrow - red marrow
81
yellow marrow
- lipids
82
red marrow
- red blood cell synthesis
83
lacunae
- houses for the osteocytes with extensions connecting to other lacunae
84
canaliculi
- cytoplasmic extension between osteocytes and central canal | - allow osteocytes to get rid of waste products
85
central canal
- blood supply | - find osteocytes all along the rings of the osteon
86
parathyroid hormone
- released due to low blood calcium - stimulates bone breakdown by osteoclasts - increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys - increase absorption of calcium in small intestine
87
calcitonin
- tone down the Ca2+ - stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts - decreases calcium reabsorption in kidneys - decreases absorption of calcium in small intestine - made by thyroid hormone
88
role of vitamin D
- vitamin D converted to calcitriol via PTH | - acts like PTH
89
osteoclasts
- bone breakdown | - activated by PTH
90
functions of respiratory system
- gas exchange | - short term pH regulation (fast)
91
ventilation
- move air in/out of the system | - conduction zone
92
respiration
- gas exchange
93
external respiration
- lung/blood
94
internal respiration
- blood/tissue
95
role of nose/nasal cavity
- warm air - humidify air - filter air - smell
96
ciliated columnar cells
- line the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity | - mucociliary escalator
97
larynx
- all cartilage
98
role of larynx
- separate air from food - maintain open airway (keeps trachea open) - vocal folds - voice box (voice production)
99
nasopharynx
- portion behind nasal cavity - air only - respiratory epithelium
100
oro- laryngo-pharynx
- portion behind oral cavity - portion behind larynx - air and food - many flat tissues built up on one another for protection
101
epiglottis
- separates trachea and esophagus
102
trachea
- rings of cartilage connected by bands of tissue membrane
103
organization of bronchi
- R/L primary bronchi - secondary (lobar) bronchi - tertiary bronchi - terminal bronchioles
104
cartilage of primary bronchi
- rings of cartilage | - a lot like we saw it in the trachea
105
smooth muscle of primary bronchi
- little smooth muscle
106
lining cells of primary bronchi
- ciliated columnar cells
107
cartilage of secondary bronchi
- irregular plates of cartilage
108
smooth muscle of secondary bronchi
- little smooth muscle
109
lining cells of secondary bronchi
- ciliated columnar cells
110
cartilage of tertiary bronchi
- no cartilage
111
smooth muscle of tertiary bronchi
- all smooth muscle - acted on by sympathetic nervous system - relaxes so you can get more air coming in
112
lining cells of tertiary bronchi
- ciliated columnar cells
113
cartilage of terminal bronchioles
- no cartilage
114
smooth muscle of terminal bronchioles
- all smooth muscle
115
lining cells of terminal bronchioles
- shorter cells | - no cilia
116
terminal bronchioles break into
- alveolar duct
117
type 1 cells
- gas exchange | - simple squamous
118
type 2 cells
- reduce surface tension inside alveolus - makes breathing easier - produces surfactant - do not develop until 8th month
119
lungs are located where
- stuck to inside wall of chest cavity - cannot inflate self. change size of chest cavity. - surface tension between visceral and parietal pleura - slight negative pressure between pleuras
120
inspiration
- active - diaphragm contracts and move downward - increase size of chest cavity - decrease pressure - air rushes in
121
expiration
- passive - diaphragm relax - elastic recoil of the lungs - decease size of chest cavity - increase pressure inside the lungs - air is pushed out
122
force expiration
- active - contract abdominal muscles - increase pressure forcibly
123
diaphragm
- connected to parietal pleura
124
primary regulator of ventilation rate
- blood pH and pCO2
125
secondary regulator of ventilation rate
- pO2
126
three layers of skin
- epidermis - dermis - hypodermis
127
epidermis
- epithelial tissue
128
dermis
- connective tissue
129
hypodermis
- fat | - adipose tissue
130
cold thermoregulation
- no sweat - shivering - vasoconstriction - piloerection (goosebumps)
131
heat thermoregulation
- sweat - no shivering - vasodilation
132
rigor mortis
- muscle in permanently rigid state - can't actively pump Ca2+ into SR - myosin can't detach from actin.
133
motor units versus size of units
- inverse relationship
134
how saturated is hemoglobin at the lungs?
- 98%
135
how saturated is hemoglobin at the tissues?
- 70%
136
connect tissue
- cells in a matrix
137
bone (skeletal system) functions
- support and movement - protection - mineral storage (calcium and phosphate) - blood cell formation
138
compact bone
- dense, solid tissues | - makes up entire diaphysis and outer shells of epiphyses
139
spongy bone
- porous tissue | - makes up inner core of epiphyses
140
osteon
- unit of compact bone
141
everywhere two osteocytes connect
- joined by gap junctions
142
trachealis muscle
- makes up back of trachea - allows diameter of trachea to change - increase speed of airflow in trachea
143
alveolus
- where gas exchange actually takes place - contains very thin walls - found in clusters call
144
alveolar sacs
- clusters of alveolus
145
alveolar ducts
- tube leading into alveolar sacs
146
respiratory bronchioles
- tube leading into alveolar ducts - composed of some alveoli - branches off terminal bronchiole of conduction zone
147
terminal bronchiole
- has no alveoli so is part of the conduction zone
148
emphysema patients
- barrel chested - can breathe in just fine. - lungs expand but cannot elastically recoil - have a hard time exhaling

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

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