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Princeton Bio > Muscular, Skeletal, and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Muscular, Skeletal, and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary motion
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2
Q

location of skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to the bones
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3
Q

nuclei of skeletal muscle

A
  • multinucleated
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4
Q

microscopic appearance of skeletal muscle

A
  • striated
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5
Q

hierarchy of muscle

A
  • protein filaments - actin and myosin
  • sarcomere
  • myofibril - string of sarcomeres
    + organelles
    + cytosol
    + plasma membrane
  • muscle cell - bundle of myofibrils
  • fascicle - bundle of muscle cells
  • whole muscle - bundle of fascicles

people say my mum fucks women

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6
Q

thick filament

A
  • myosin
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7
Q

thin filament

A
  • actin
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8
Q

sarcomere

A
  • functional unit of contraction
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9
Q

myofibril

A
  • string of sarcomeres
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10
Q

muscle cell

A
  • bundle of myofibrils

- also called a myofiber

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11
Q

fascicle

A
  • bundle of muscle cells
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12
Q

whole muscle

A
  • bundle of fascicles
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13
Q

T tubules

A
  • invaginations of the cell membrane

- allow action potential to travel into interior of cell

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14
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • stores Ca2+
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15
Q

Z lines

A
  • ends of the sarcomere
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16
Q

M line

A
  • middle of the myosin filament
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17
Q

A band

A
  • dark band at end of myosin filament

- full length of myosin and actin

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18
Q

I band

A
  • light band at end of myosin filament

- region that is actin only

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19
Q

H zone

A
  • zone where actin does not overlap myosin

- myosin only

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20
Q

In contraction

A
  • you lose the H zone
  • the I band becomes more narrow
  • HI I’m gone!
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21
Q

crossbridge formation

A
  • myosin binds to actin

- requires the presence of Ca2+

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22
Q

power stroke

A
  • myosin pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere
  • ATP NOT USED HERE
  • myosin returns to low energy position
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23
Q

release of actin

A
  • requires presence of ATP

- ATP comes in and boots off actin

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24
Q

reset of myosin head

A
  • resets to higher energy conformation

- requires ATP hydrolysis

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25
Q

when you run out of ATP

A
  • you can’t release the actin

- rigor mortis

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26
Q

mysoin head groups operate

A
  • asynchronously

- always need a “hand” on the rope to pull forward

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27
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

  • happens in thin filament
A
  • skeletal muscle cell depolarizes
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ from voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
  • Ca2+ levels in the cell increase
  • troponin binds Ca2+
  • troponin changes confirmation which moves tropomyosin
  • myosin is now able to bind to actin and pull it to the midline -> contraction
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28
Q

motor units

A
  • a neuron plus all of the muscle cells it controls

- somatic neuron

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29
Q

contraction of motor unit

A
  • all or none
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30
Q

contraction of whole muscle cell

A
  • graded

- trigger more or less motor units depending on strength of contraction you need

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31
Q

large muscles

A
  • muscles of arms and legs

- 1 neuron controls 1000 cells

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32
Q

small muscles

A
  • mouth, faces, eyes, fingers

- 1 neuron controls 10-20 cells

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33
Q

gross motor control

A
  • a few large motor units for mass action
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34
Q

fine motor control

A
  • many small motor units for precise control
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35
Q

muscle energy sources

A
  • creatine-P + ADP -> creatine + ATP (SLS)
    • fastest
    • shortest, most explosive movements
  • glycolysis (2 net ATP, lactic acid)
    • run full lap
    • short term energy
  • aerobic respiration (30 ATP, 6 CO2, 6 H2O)
    • slowest
    • endurance activity
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36
Q

myoglobin

A
  • stores O2 inside skeletal muscle

- 1/4 of a hemoglobin

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37
Q

oxygen debt

A

extra oxygen needed after exercise to:

  • replenish O2 on myoglobin
  • convert lactic acid into pyruvate in the liver
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38
Q

Bohr effect

A

rightward shift due to

  • pH decrease
  • increase pCO2
  • increase temp
  • 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  • hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen and will deliver more to tissues.
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39
Q

slow twitch fibers also referred to as

A
  • red oxidative or slow oxidative
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40
Q

slow twitch fibers myoglobin content

A
  • high
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41
Q

slow twitch fibers capillary network

A
  • dense
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42
Q

slow twitch fibers speed of contraction

A
  • slow
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43
Q

slow twitch fibers mitochondrial numbers

A
  • large
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44
Q

slow twitch fibers fatigue resistance

A
  • high
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45
Q

slow twitch fibers force generated

A
  • low
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46
Q

slow twitch fibers example

A
  • thigh muscles of marathon runners
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47
Q

type IIA fast twitch fibers referred to as

A
  • white oxidative
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48
Q

type IIA fast twitch fibers myoglobin content

A
  • medium
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49
Q

type IIA fast twitch fibers capillary network

A
  • some
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50
Q

type IIA fast twitch fibers speed of contraction

A
  • medium
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51
Q

type IIA fast twitch fibers mitochondrial numbers

A
  • medium
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52
Q

type IIA fast twitch fibers fatigue resistance

A
  • medium
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53
Q

type IIA fast twitch fibers force generated

A
  • medium
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54
Q

type IIA fast twitch fibers example

A
  • thigh muscles of 5K runners
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55
Q

type IIB fast twitch fibers also referred to as

A
  • white fast twitch
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56
Q

type IIB fast twitch fibers myoglobin content

A
  • low
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57
Q

type IIB fast twitch fibers capillary network

A
  • sparse
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58
Q

type IIB fast twitch fibers speed of contraction

A
  • fast
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59
Q

type IIB fast twitch fibers mitochondrial numbers

A
  • low
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60
Q

type IIB fast twitch fibers fatigue resistance

A
  • low
61
Q

type IIB fast twitch fibers force generated

A
  • high
62
Q

type IIB fast twitch fibers example

A
  • thigh muscles of sprinters.
63
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A
  • autonomic (involuntary)

- autorhythmic

64
Q

location of cardiac muscle

A
  • heart only
65
Q

nuclei of cardiac muscle

A
  • mononucleated
66
Q

microscopic appearance of cardiac muscle

A
  • striated
  • put together the same way as skeletal muscle and contracts the same way
  • Ca2+ can come from extracellular environment
67
Q

function of smooth muscle

A
  • autonomic NS (involuntary)
  • neural stimulation
  • hormones (oxytocin trigger contraction)
  • mechanical (food trigger contraction)
  • autorhythmic
68
Q

location of smooth muscle

A
  • walls of hollow organs

- stomach, bladder, intestinal, blood vessels

69
Q

nuclei of smooth muscle

A
  • mononucleated
70
Q

microscopic appearance of smooth muscle

A
  • nonstriated
71
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • builder
  • able to divide, immature cell
  • produce matrix
  • calcitonin
72
Q

osteocytes

A
  • mature
  • maintain the bone matrix
  • usually don’t divide
73
Q

matrix divides into

A
  • fibers

- ground substance

74
Q

fibers

A
  • collagen - strength

- elastic - flexible, recoil

75
Q

ground substance

A
  • liquid from plasma

- solid bone

76
Q

epiphysis

A
  • end of the bone
77
Q

diaphysis

A
  • middle of the bone
78
Q

epiphyseal plate

A
  • growth plate

- separates epiphysis and diaphysis during childhood

79
Q

spongy bone

A
  • inside bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
80
Q

medullary cavity

A
  • filled with
    • yellow marrow
    • red marrow
81
Q

yellow marrow

A
  • lipids
82
Q

red marrow

A
  • red blood cell synthesis
83
Q

lacunae

A
  • houses for the osteocytes with extensions connecting to other lacunae
84
Q

canaliculi

A
  • cytoplasmic extension between osteocytes and central canal

- allow osteocytes to get rid of waste products

85
Q

central canal

A
  • blood supply

- find osteocytes all along the rings of the osteon

86
Q

parathyroid hormone

A
  • released due to low blood calcium
  • stimulates bone breakdown by osteoclasts
  • increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys
  • increase absorption of calcium in small intestine
87
Q

calcitonin

A
  • tone down the Ca2+
  • stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts
  • decreases calcium reabsorption in kidneys
  • decreases absorption of calcium in small intestine
  • made by thyroid hormone
88
Q

role of vitamin D

A
  • vitamin D converted to calcitriol via PTH

- acts like PTH

89
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • bone breakdown

- activated by PTH

90
Q

functions of respiratory system

A
  • gas exchange

- short term pH regulation (fast)

91
Q

ventilation

A
  • move air in/out of the system

- conduction zone

92
Q

respiration

A
  • gas exchange
93
Q

external respiration

A
  • lung/blood
94
Q

internal respiration

A
  • blood/tissue
95
Q

role of nose/nasal cavity

A
  • warm air
  • humidify air
  • filter air
  • smell
96
Q

ciliated columnar cells

A
  • line the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity

- mucociliary escalator

97
Q

larynx

A
  • all cartilage
98
Q

role of larynx

A
  • separate air from food
  • maintain open airway (keeps trachea open)
  • vocal folds
  • voice box (voice production)
99
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • portion behind nasal cavity
  • air only
  • respiratory epithelium
100
Q

oro- laryngo-pharynx

A
  • portion behind oral cavity
  • portion behind larynx
  • air and food
  • many flat tissues built up on one another for protection
101
Q

epiglottis

A
  • separates trachea and esophagus
102
Q

trachea

A
  • rings of cartilage connected by bands of tissue membrane
103
Q

organization of bronchi

A
  • R/L primary bronchi
  • secondary (lobar) bronchi
  • tertiary bronchi
  • terminal bronchioles
104
Q

cartilage of primary bronchi

A
  • rings of cartilage

- a lot like we saw it in the trachea

105
Q

smooth muscle of primary bronchi

A
  • little smooth muscle
106
Q

lining cells of primary bronchi

A
  • ciliated columnar cells
107
Q

cartilage of secondary bronchi

A
  • irregular plates of cartilage
108
Q

smooth muscle of secondary bronchi

A
  • little smooth muscle
109
Q

lining cells of secondary bronchi

A
  • ciliated columnar cells
110
Q

cartilage of tertiary bronchi

A
  • no cartilage
111
Q

smooth muscle of tertiary bronchi

A
  • all smooth muscle
  • acted on by sympathetic nervous system
  • relaxes so you can get more air coming in
112
Q

lining cells of tertiary bronchi

A
  • ciliated columnar cells
113
Q

cartilage of terminal bronchioles

A
  • no cartilage
114
Q

smooth muscle of terminal bronchioles

A
  • all smooth muscle
115
Q

lining cells of terminal bronchioles

A
  • shorter cells

- no cilia

116
Q

terminal bronchioles break into

A
  • alveolar duct
117
Q

type 1 cells

A
  • gas exchange

- simple squamous

118
Q

type 2 cells

A
  • reduce surface tension inside alveolus
  • makes breathing easier
  • produces surfactant
  • do not develop until 8th month
119
Q

lungs are located where

A
  • stuck to inside wall of chest cavity
  • cannot inflate self. change size of chest cavity.
  • surface tension between visceral and parietal pleura
  • slight negative pressure between pleuras
120
Q

inspiration

A
  • active
  • diaphragm contracts and move downward
  • increase size of chest cavity
  • decrease pressure
  • air rushes in
121
Q

expiration

A
  • passive
  • diaphragm relax
  • elastic recoil of the lungs
  • decease size of chest cavity
  • increase pressure inside the lungs
  • air is pushed out
122
Q

force expiration

A
  • active
  • contract abdominal muscles
  • increase pressure forcibly
123
Q

diaphragm

A
  • connected to parietal pleura
124
Q

primary regulator of ventilation rate

A
  • blood pH and pCO2
125
Q

secondary regulator of ventilation rate

A
  • pO2
126
Q

three layers of skin

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis
127
Q

epidermis

A
  • epithelial tissue
128
Q

dermis

A
  • connective tissue
129
Q

hypodermis

A
  • fat

- adipose tissue

130
Q

cold thermoregulation

A
  • no sweat
  • shivering
  • vasoconstriction
  • piloerection (goosebumps)
131
Q

heat thermoregulation

A
  • sweat
  • no shivering
  • vasodilation
132
Q

rigor mortis

A
  • muscle in permanently rigid state
  • can’t actively pump Ca2+ into SR
  • myosin can’t detach from actin.
133
Q

motor units versus size of units

A
  • inverse relationship
134
Q

how saturated is hemoglobin at the lungs?

A
  • 98%
135
Q

how saturated is hemoglobin at the tissues?

A
  • 70%
136
Q

connect tissue

A
  • cells in a matrix
137
Q

bone (skeletal system) functions

A
  • support and movement
  • protection
  • mineral storage (calcium and phosphate)
  • blood cell formation
138
Q

compact bone

A
  • dense, solid tissues

- makes up entire diaphysis and outer shells of epiphyses

139
Q

spongy bone

A
  • porous tissue

- makes up inner core of epiphyses

140
Q

osteon

A
  • unit of compact bone
141
Q

everywhere two osteocytes connect

A
  • joined by gap junctions
142
Q

trachealis muscle

A
  • makes up back of trachea
  • allows diameter of trachea to change
  • increase speed of airflow in trachea
143
Q

alveolus

A
  • where gas exchange actually takes place
  • contains very thin walls
  • found in clusters call
144
Q

alveolar sacs

A
  • clusters of alveolus
145
Q

alveolar ducts

A
  • tube leading into alveolar sacs
146
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A
  • tube leading into alveolar ducts
  • composed of some alveoli
  • branches off terminal bronchiole of conduction zone
147
Q

terminal bronchiole

A
  • has no alveoli so is part of the conduction zone
148
Q

emphysema patients

A
  • barrel chested
  • can breathe in just fine.
  • lungs expand but cannot elastically recoil
  • have a hard time exhaling

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

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