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Princeton Bio > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

axon hillock

A
  • summation

- where most voltage gated Na+ channels are located

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2
Q

soma

A
  • neurotransmitter synthesis
  • cell body
  • normal cell activity
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3
Q

meylin

A
  • speeds up the AP
  • PNS = schwann cells. Schwann is a bike brand that hurts your penis when you sit on it.
  • CNS = oligodendrocytes
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4
Q

axon terminus

A
  • axon terminals
  • synaptic knobs
  • many per axon
  • release 1 type of NT
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5
Q

nodes of ranvier

A
  • saltatory conduction

- allow impulse to jump from node to node

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6
Q

unipolar neurons

A
  • sensory neurons
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7
Q

bipolar neurons

A
  • eye nerves
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8
Q

rest potential

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase pumps out one net positive ion
  • Na+/K+ ATPase establishes Na+ and K+ concentrations gradients
  • many positive ions are lost through K+ leak channels
  • end result is that the inside of cell is more negative inside than the outside
  • all graphs track what is happening inside the cell

pump 2K+ in and 3 Na+ out

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9
Q

what ions can enter the cell?

A
  • Na+/Cl-/Ca2+

- the salty C surrounds our cells

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10
Q

depolarization

A
  • move away from RMP in a positive direction
  • summation and the axon hillock pushes membrane potential past threshold and opens the voltage gated Na+ channels. Allows influx of Na+ depolarizing the cell membrane.
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11
Q

hyperpolarization

A
  • move away from RMP in a negative direction

- the voltage gated K+ channels close slowly allowing extra K+ to leave the cell

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12
Q

repolarization

A
  • move towards RMP in either direction
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13
Q

equilibrium potential

A
  • potential at which there is no net force driving the movement of an ion
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14
Q

absolute refractory period

A
  • absolutely impossible to fire a second action potential
  • Na+ channels are inactivated
  • cell is too positive.
  • near Na+ equilibrium potential
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15
Q

relative refractory period

A
  • possible but difficult to fire a second action potential
  • Na+ channels are now reset to closed
  • cell is too negative
  • further from threshold
  • near K+ equilibrium potential
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16
Q

electrical synapses

A
  • physical connection - gap junctions
  • always excitatory - always causes AP in postsynaptic cell
  • bidirectional - either cell can be pre/post synaptic
  • unregulated
  • VERY IMPORTANT IN CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS
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17
Q

chemical synapse

A
  • AP arrives at axon terminal
  • triggers an influx of Ca2+
  • vesicles of NT anchored to microtubules are released due to synapsin activated by Ca2+
  • NT diffuses across the synaptic cleft binds to receptors on postsynaptic cell (ligand gated ion channels)
  • allows ions to flow into or out of post synaptic cell
  • NT must be removed to stop the effects on the post synaptic cell
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18
Q

neurons and NT

A
  • neurons only make one type of NT, but can respond to many
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19
Q

response of postsynaptic cell

A
  • depends on receptors and the ion channels they are hooked up to
  • not NT
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20
Q

to have a significant effect on the postsynaptic cell

A
  • takes more than one vesicle of NT
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21
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A
  • EPSP
  • depolarize
  • Na+/Ca2+
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22
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A
  • IPSP
  • hyperpolarize
  • Cl-/K+
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23
Q

summation

A
  • occurs at the axon hillock

- the closer the presynaptic neuron is to the axon hillock, the greater its effect on summation

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24
Q

spatial summation

A
  • adding up all inputs from multiple sources
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25
Q

temporal summation

A
  • adding up frequency impulses from a single source
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26
Q

sensory input

A
  • PNS
  • info coming in
  • sensory neurons
  • afferent neurons
  • approaching CNS
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27
Q

integration

A
  • CNS
  • decision making
  • interneurons
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28
Q

motor output

A
  • PNS
  • send commands out to the body
  • motor neurons
  • efferent neurons
  • exiting CNS
  • not always motion
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29
Q

simple reflex

A
  • very rapid integration to avoid potential injury
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30
Q

telencephalon

A
  • cerebral cortex

- forebrain

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31
Q

limbic system

A
  • emotion
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32
Q

midbrain

A
  • visual and auditory startle reflexes

- wakefulness

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33
Q

cerebellum

A
  • eye-hand coordination
  • smooths and coordinates body movement
  • gets inhibited by alcohol intoxications
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34
Q

spinal cord

A
  • simple reflexes
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35
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • 3 Bs
  • breathing, BP, barfing
  • basic vital functions
  • special respiratory/digestive functions
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36
Q

pons

A
  • balance

- facial movement

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37
Q

diencephalon

A
  • epithalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
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38
Q

epithalamus

A
  • pineal gland
  • secrete melatonin
  • sleep/wake cycles
39
Q

thalamus

A
  • sensory relay station
40
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • maintain homeostasis

- control the pituitary gland

41
Q

white matter

A
  • myelinated axons

- cell to cell communication (send action potential)

42
Q

CNS-brain white matter

A
  • tract
43
Q

CNS-spinal cord white matter

A
  • tract/column
44
Q

PNS white matter

A
  • nerve
45
Q

grey matter

A
  • unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites
  • very few unmyelinated axons
  • integration (decision making)
46
Q

CNS-deep brain grey matter

A
  • nucleus
47
Q

CNS- brain surface grey matter

A
  • cortex
48
Q

CNS-cord grey matter

A
  • horn
49
Q

PNS gray matter

A
  • ganglion
50
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • voluntary motion

- problem solving

51
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • smell
  • emotions
  • memories
  • language
52
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • vision
53
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • general sensation and taste
54
Q

CNS

A
  • brain and spinal cord
55
Q

PNS

A
  • all nerves and sensory structures outside of the brain and spinal cord
  • somatic and autonomic
56
Q

somatic

A
  • voluntary control of skeletal muscle
  • acetylcholine
  • excitatory only
  • single neuron from CNS to the effector organ
57
Q

autonomic

A
  • involuntary control of glands and smooth (cardiac) muscle
  • all other organs
  • Ach (on ganglion) then Ach/NE (to organ)
  • excitatory or inhibitory
  • 2 neurons from CNS to effector organ
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
58
Q

sympathetic

A
  • fight or flight
  • 4 Fs: fear, fight, flight, fuck
  • general increase in body activity
  • increase in HR, BP, resp rate
  • increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
  • inhibit digestive acitivity
  • increase blood flow to many organs
  • use NE at the effector organ
  • direct stimulation of adrenal medulla - EXCEPTION TO 2-NEURON RULE
  • release epinephrine into the blood
  • prolong and enhance effects of the sympathetic nervous system
59
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • rest and digest
  • general decrease in body activity
  • reduce HR, BP, resp rate
  • stimulate digestive activity.
  • increase blood to digestive system
  • use ACh at the effector organ (NOT FULLY INHIBITORY)
60
Q

mechanoreceptors

A
  • physical shape changes

- pressure, tension, hearing receptors, Golgi tendon organs

61
Q

chemoreceptors

A
  • responds to chemicals

- pH, pO2, pCO2, taste, smell

62
Q

nociceptors

A
  • pain

- respond to chemicals released during injury or to direct stimulation

63
Q

thermoreceptors

A
  • temperature changes
  • different receptors for cold and hot
  • respond to different temperature ranges
64
Q

photoreceptors/electromagnetic receptors

A
  • light, electromagnetic waves

- rods and cones,

65
Q

iris

A
  • colored part of the eye

- regulates diameter of the pupil

66
Q

lens

A
  • biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina
67
Q

cornea

A
  • external transparent layer of the eye
68
Q

pupil

A
  • black opening in the middle of the eye
69
Q

ciliary muscle

A
  • muscles that regulate the curvature of the lens
70
Q

fovea centralis

A
  • responsible for extreme visual acuity

- contains only cones

71
Q

retina

A
  • layer at the back of the eye sensitive to light
72
Q

optic disc

A
  • blind spot

- place on retina where the optic nerve forms

73
Q

optic nerve

A
  • bundle of axons leaving the eye towards the brain
74
Q

cone cells

A
  • high threshold to be activated
  • color vision
  • blue, green, red
  • only cell type in the fovea
  • fewer in the periphery
75
Q

rod cells

A
  • low threshold, low light intensity
  • black and white vision
  • most abundant type in the periphery
76
Q

no light

A
  • rods/cones Na+ channels are open
  • Na+ is entering the cell
  • cell is depolarized
  • no optic ganglion activation
  • rods/cones release glutamate onto bipolar cells
  • bipolar cells are hyperpolarized
  • retinal and opsin keep a sodium channel open and the cell remains depolarized.
  • rods and cones synapse on bipolar cells and release glutamate onto the bipolar cell to inhibit it from firing
77
Q

light

A
  • inhibition of Na+ channels
  • Na+/K+ pump polarizes cell
  • stops release of neurotransmitter
  • optic ganglion is activated
  • no Na+ influx so no release of glutamate
  • bipolar cell fires
  • Light converts cis-retinal → trans-retinal.
  • trans-retinal then causes hyperpolarization of photoreceptor cell
  • the photoreceptor stops releasing glutamate and the bipolar cell can now depolarize.
  • Sends signal to brain via a bundle of nerves on the back of the retina (where the blind spot is)
78
Q

mechanism of hearing in the cochlea

A
  • sound waves down auditory canal where they bound on the tympanic membrane
  • vibrations in the ossicles
  • stapes contacts membrane filled with fluid. move oval window back and forth.
  • pressure causes waves in the perilymph and endolymph
  • vibration of the basilar membrane
  • stereocilia of hair cells dragged across the tectorial membrane
  • hair cells get compressed, depolarize and release NT
  • auditory neuron transmits the signal to the brain
79
Q

high frequency

high pitch

A
  • vibrate the thicker portion

- closer to apex

80
Q

low frequency

low pitch

A
  • can only vibrate thinner area

- further from apex

81
Q

loudness

A
  • amplitude
  • soft - low amplitude
  • loud - high amplitude
82
Q

vestibular complex

A
  • balance and equilibrium

- semicircular canals - rotational equilibrium

83
Q

saccule and utricle

A
  • stationary/balance
84
Q

action potential

A
  • all or none event
85
Q

absolute threshold

A
  • the minimum level of stimulation required to activate a receptor
86
Q

difference threshold

A
  • the smallest difference that can be detected
87
Q

bottom-up processing

A
  • sensory receptors register information
  • information is sent to the brain
  • brain interprets information
88
Q

top-down processing

A
  • prior knowledge and expectations applied

- brain interprets information

89
Q

sensory adaptation

A
  • sensory receptor becomes unresponsive to unchanging stimulus and no longer send action potentials to brain
  • can be retriggered if stimulus intensifies
90
Q

outer ear

A
  • pinna
  • auditory canal - don’t stick your finger in
  • tympanic membrane - ear drum
91
Q

middle ear

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes - end connects to membrane in inner ear
92
Q

inner ear

A
  • semicircular canals

- cochlea

93
Q

Eustachian tube

A
  • auditory tube
  • connects throat to middle ear
  • allows pressures to be equalized between outside and inner ear.

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

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