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Princeton Bio > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

axon hillock

A
  • summation

- where most voltage gated Na+ channels are located

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2
Q

soma

A
  • neurotransmitter synthesis
  • cell body
  • normal cell activity
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3
Q

meylin

A
  • speeds up the AP
  • PNS = schwann cells. Schwann is a bike brand that hurts your penis when you sit on it.
  • CNS = oligodendrocytes
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4
Q

axon terminus

A
  • axon terminals
  • synaptic knobs
  • many per axon
  • release 1 type of NT
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5
Q

nodes of ranvier

A
  • saltatory conduction

- allow impulse to jump from node to node

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6
Q

unipolar neurons

A
  • sensory neurons
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7
Q

bipolar neurons

A
  • eye nerves
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8
Q

rest potential

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase pumps out one net positive ion
  • Na+/K+ ATPase establishes Na+ and K+ concentrations gradients
  • many positive ions are lost through K+ leak channels
  • end result is that the inside of cell is more negative inside than the outside
  • all graphs track what is happening inside the cell

pump 2K+ in and 3 Na+ out

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9
Q

what ions can enter the cell?

A
  • Na+/Cl-/Ca2+

- the salty C surrounds our cells

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10
Q

depolarization

A
  • move away from RMP in a positive direction
  • summation and the axon hillock pushes membrane potential past threshold and opens the voltage gated Na+ channels. Allows influx of Na+ depolarizing the cell membrane.
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11
Q

hyperpolarization

A
  • move away from RMP in a negative direction

- the voltage gated K+ channels close slowly allowing extra K+ to leave the cell

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12
Q

repolarization

A
  • move towards RMP in either direction
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13
Q

equilibrium potential

A
  • potential at which there is no net force driving the movement of an ion
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14
Q

absolute refractory period

A
  • absolutely impossible to fire a second action potential
  • Na+ channels are inactivated
  • cell is too positive.
  • near Na+ equilibrium potential
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15
Q

relative refractory period

A
  • possible but difficult to fire a second action potential
  • Na+ channels are now reset to closed
  • cell is too negative
  • further from threshold
  • near K+ equilibrium potential
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16
Q

electrical synapses

A
  • physical connection - gap junctions
  • always excitatory - always causes AP in postsynaptic cell
  • bidirectional - either cell can be pre/post synaptic
  • unregulated
  • VERY IMPORTANT IN CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS
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17
Q

chemical synapse

A
  • AP arrives at axon terminal
  • triggers an influx of Ca2+
  • vesicles of NT anchored to microtubules are released due to synapsin activated by Ca2+
  • NT diffuses across the synaptic cleft binds to receptors on postsynaptic cell (ligand gated ion channels)
  • allows ions to flow into or out of post synaptic cell
  • NT must be removed to stop the effects on the post synaptic cell
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18
Q

neurons and NT

A
  • neurons only make one type of NT, but can respond to many
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19
Q

response of postsynaptic cell

A
  • depends on receptors and the ion channels they are hooked up to
  • not NT
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20
Q

to have a significant effect on the postsynaptic cell

A
  • takes more than one vesicle of NT
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21
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A
  • EPSP
  • depolarize
  • Na+/Ca2+
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22
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A
  • IPSP
  • hyperpolarize
  • Cl-/K+
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23
Q

summation

A
  • occurs at the axon hillock

- the closer the presynaptic neuron is to the axon hillock, the greater its effect on summation

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24
Q

spatial summation

A
  • adding up all inputs from multiple sources
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25
temporal summation
- adding up frequency impulses from a single source
26
sensory input
- PNS - info coming in - sensory neurons - afferent neurons - approaching CNS
27
integration
- CNS - decision making - interneurons
28
motor output
- PNS - send commands out to the body - motor neurons - efferent neurons - exiting CNS - not always motion
29
simple reflex
- very rapid integration to avoid potential injury
30
telencephalon
- cerebral cortex | - forebrain
31
limbic system
- emotion
32
midbrain
- visual and auditory startle reflexes | - wakefulness
33
cerebellum
- eye-hand coordination - smooths and coordinates body movement - gets inhibited by alcohol intoxications
34
spinal cord
- simple reflexes
35
medulla oblongata
- 3 Bs - breathing, BP, barfing - basic vital functions - special respiratory/digestive functions
36
pons
- balance | - facial movement
37
diencephalon
- epithalamus - hypothalamus - thalamus
38
epithalamus
- pineal gland - secrete melatonin - sleep/wake cycles
39
thalamus
- sensory relay station
40
hypothalamus
- maintain homeostasis | - control the pituitary gland
41
white matter
- myelinated axons | - cell to cell communication (send action potential)
42
CNS-brain white matter
- tract
43
CNS-spinal cord white matter
- tract/column
44
PNS white matter
- nerve
45
grey matter
- unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites - very few unmyelinated axons - integration (decision making)
46
CNS-deep brain grey matter
- nucleus
47
CNS- brain surface grey matter
- cortex
48
CNS-cord grey matter
- horn
49
PNS gray matter
- ganglion
50
frontal lobe
- voluntary motion | - problem solving
51
temporal lobe
- smell - emotions - memories - language
52
occipital lobe
- vision
53
parietal lobe
- general sensation and taste
54
CNS
- brain and spinal cord
55
PNS
- all nerves and sensory structures outside of the brain and spinal cord - somatic and autonomic
56
somatic
- voluntary control of skeletal muscle - acetylcholine - excitatory only - single neuron from CNS to the effector organ
57
autonomic
- involuntary control of glands and smooth (cardiac) muscle - all other organs - Ach (on ganglion) then Ach/NE (to organ) - excitatory or inhibitory - 2 neurons from CNS to effector organ - sympathetic and parasympathetic
58
sympathetic
- fight or flight - 4 Fs: fear, fight, flight, fuck - general increase in body activity - increase in HR, BP, resp rate - increase blood flow to skeletal muscles - inhibit digestive acitivity - increase blood flow to many organs - use NE at the effector organ - direct stimulation of adrenal medulla - EXCEPTION TO 2-NEURON RULE - release epinephrine into the blood - prolong and enhance effects of the sympathetic nervous system
59
parasympathetic
- rest and digest - general decrease in body activity - reduce HR, BP, resp rate - stimulate digestive activity. - increase blood to digestive system - use ACh at the effector organ (NOT FULLY INHIBITORY)
60
mechanoreceptors
- physical shape changes | - pressure, tension, hearing receptors, Golgi tendon organs
61
chemoreceptors
- responds to chemicals | - pH, pO2, pCO2, taste, smell
62
nociceptors
- pain | - respond to chemicals released during injury or to direct stimulation
63
thermoreceptors
- temperature changes - different receptors for cold and hot - respond to different temperature ranges
64
photoreceptors/electromagnetic receptors
- light, electromagnetic waves | - rods and cones,
65
iris
- colored part of the eye | - regulates diameter of the pupil
66
lens
- biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina
67
cornea
- external transparent layer of the eye
68
pupil
- black opening in the middle of the eye
69
ciliary muscle
- muscles that regulate the curvature of the lens
70
fovea centralis
- responsible for extreme visual acuity | - contains only cones
71
retina
- layer at the back of the eye sensitive to light
72
optic disc
- blind spot | - place on retina where the optic nerve forms
73
optic nerve
- bundle of axons leaving the eye towards the brain
74
cone cells
- high threshold to be activated - color vision - blue, green, red - only cell type in the fovea - fewer in the periphery
75
rod cells
- low threshold, low light intensity - black and white vision - most abundant type in the periphery
76
no light
- rods/cones Na+ channels are open - Na+ is entering the cell - cell is depolarized - no optic ganglion activation - rods/cones release glutamate onto bipolar cells - bipolar cells are hyperpolarized - retinal and opsin keep a sodium channel open and the cell remains depolarized. - rods and cones synapse on bipolar cells and release glutamate onto the bipolar cell to inhibit it from firing
77
light
- inhibition of Na+ channels - Na+/K+ pump polarizes cell - stops release of neurotransmitter - optic ganglion is activated - no Na+ influx so no release of glutamate - bipolar cell fires - Light converts cis-retinal → trans-retinal. - trans-retinal then causes hyperpolarization of photoreceptor cell - the photoreceptor stops releasing glutamate and the bipolar cell can now depolarize. - Sends signal to brain via a bundle of nerves on the back of the retina (where the blind spot is)
78
mechanism of hearing in the cochlea
- sound waves down auditory canal where they bound on the tympanic membrane - vibrations in the ossicles - stapes contacts membrane filled with fluid. move oval window back and forth. - pressure causes waves in the perilymph and endolymph - vibration of the basilar membrane - stereocilia of hair cells dragged across the tectorial membrane - hair cells get compressed, depolarize and release NT - auditory neuron transmits the signal to the brain
79
high frequency | high pitch
- vibrate the thicker portion | - closer to apex
80
low frequency | low pitch
- can only vibrate thinner area | - further from apex
81
loudness
- amplitude - soft - low amplitude - loud - high amplitude
82
vestibular complex
- balance and equilibrium | - semicircular canals - rotational equilibrium
83
saccule and utricle
- stationary/balance
84
action potential
- all or none event
85
absolute threshold
- the minimum level of stimulation required to activate a receptor
86
difference threshold
- the smallest difference that can be detected
87
bottom-up processing
- sensory receptors register information - information is sent to the brain - brain interprets information
88
top-down processing
- prior knowledge and expectations applied | - brain interprets information
89
sensory adaptation
- sensory receptor becomes unresponsive to unchanging stimulus and no longer send action potentials to brain - can be retriggered if stimulus intensifies
90
outer ear
- pinna - auditory canal - don't stick your finger in - tympanic membrane - ear drum
91
middle ear
- malleus - incus - stapes - end connects to membrane in inner ear
92
inner ear
- semicircular canals | - cochlea
93
Eustachian tube
- auditory tube - connects throat to middle ear - allows pressures to be equalized between outside and inner ear.

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

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