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Princeton Bio > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

virus

A
  • obligate intracellular parasite

- protein + nucleic acid

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2
Q

capsid

A
  • protein shell
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3
Q

genome

A
  • DNA/RNA
  • ss or ds
  • linear/circular
  • CAN’T BE BOTH RNA AND DNA
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4
Q

Two basic steps for viral life cycles

A
  • attachment (adsorption)

- injection (penetration)

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5
Q

lytic life cycle

A
  • transcribe and translate the viral genome
  • replicate the viral genome
  • replicate capsid
  • assemble genome into capsid
  • lysis of host cell and release of new viral particles
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6
Q

early genes

A
  • hydrolase

- capsid proteins

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7
Q

hydrolase

A
  • destroy host cell genome (for ds DNA viruses)
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8
Q

transcribe and translate the viral genome

A
  • all cellular energy is now directed to viral protein production
  • create a pool of free dNTPs for viral genomes
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9
Q

replicate the viral genome

A
  • assembly with the capsid is automatic
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10
Q

lysis of host and release of new viral particles

A
  • late genes: lysozyme
  • punches holes in the bacterial cell wall
  • bacterium cannot resist influx of water by osmosis and lysis
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11
Q

lysogenic cycle

A
  • integrate viral genome with host genome
  • normal host activity, including reproduction
  • excision and lytic cycle
  • transcribed and translate repressor which turns off synthesis of viral genes.
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12
Q

excision and lytic cycle

A
  • repressor proteins are removed and the virus enters the lytic cycle due to some type of host cell stress (heat, pH)
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13
Q

productive cycle

A
  • cell without a cell wall
  • like lytic but no lysing of host cell
  • bud through the cell membrane
  • enveloped virus
    • coated by lipid bilayer
  • animal viruses only
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14
Q

advantages of productive cycle

A
  • get more viruses produced
  • envelope
    • immune protection
    • easier to infect new cells “eclipse” into a new cell. taken up with their capsid and uncoat in a new host cell.
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15
Q

+ RNA viral RNA genomes

A
  • (+) RNA virus: genome acts like mRNA
  • Codes for RdRp
  • RdRp synthesizes (-) RNA strand from (+)
    OR
  • host cell ribosomes attach and translate (+) to viral proteins
  • RdRp synthesizes (+) from (-) to generate more
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16
Q

(-) RNA viral RNA genome

A
  • (-) RNA is template for mRNA
  • must carry and code for RdRp
  • RdRp synthesizes (+) RNA
  • host cell ribosomes translate into viral proteins
    OR RdRp synthesizes more (-) RNA
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17
Q

(+) RNA lysogenic

A
  • RdDp (reverse transcriptase) converts into ssDNA
  • DNA pol replicates to dsDNA
  • insert into host genome
  • production of more (+) RNA genome
    OR expression of the viral genome in viral proteins
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18
Q

problems with lysogenic virus from human perspective

A
  • permanent in the host cell genome

- rapid mutation

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19
Q

prion characteristics

A
  • no DNA/RNA
  • no cell membrane
  • no organelles
  • very small proteins
  • very stable
  • resistant to heat, acid, detergent
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20
Q

two categories of prions

A
  • normal prion (good)
  • mutant prion (bad)
    • spongiform encephalopathies (mad cow)
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21
Q

how to get mutant bad prions

A
  • from mutation
  • inherited
  • from ingestion of infected tissues
22
Q

role of mutant prions

A
  • healthy cell transcribing and translating normal “good prion”
  • consumption of mutant “bad” prion from diseased tissue
  • mutant “bad” prion changes normal “good” prions to bad ones
  • mutation in gene coding for mutant “bad” prion
  • mutant “bad” prions accumulate and lead to cell death.
23
Q

viriod characteristics

A
  • circular (+) RNA
  • no capsid
  • don’t (normally) code for proteins
  • base pair with existing RNA
  • replicate independently
  • mostly plant infectors
24
Q

bacteria shape

A
  • coccus
  • bacillus
  • spirilla
25
Q

gram +

A
  • cell membrane composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan

- stains purple

26
Q

gram -

A
  • thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by outer and inner membrane
  • may contain endotoxin call wall component which can cause an immune response
  • stains pink
  • tend to be a bit more antibiotic resistance
27
Q

grow in medium temperature

A
  • mesophiles
28
Q

grow in hot temperature

A
  • thermophiles
29
Q

grow in cold temperature

A
  • psychrophiles
30
Q

obligate aerobe

A
  • uses O2 to survive

- die in the absent of O2

31
Q

facultative anaerobe

A
  • will use O2 if available

- will use fermentation to survive in O2 is absent

32
Q

tolerant anaerobe

A
  • If O2 is present it will not use it but it is not harmful

- If O2 is absent it will use fermentation to survive

33
Q

obligate anaerobe

A
  • If O2 present it will die

- If O2 is absent it will use fermentation to survive.

34
Q

photo

A
  • converts sunlight to make ATP
35
Q

chemo

A
  • use chemicals to make ATP
36
Q

auto

A
  • make your own carbon from CO2
37
Q

hetero

A
  • get carbon from other organisms
38
Q

auxotrophs

A

”-“ means can’t do something

  • amino acids - can’t make something
  • sugars - can’t metabolize
39
Q

lag phase

A
  • bacteria are acquiring resources for explosive growth
40
Q

log (exp) phase

A
  • rapid doubling of population
41
Q

stationary death

A
  • stationary phase - maximum population that a particular environment can sustain
  • more death than growth
42
Q

F+

A
  • allows for formation of a conjugation bridge so genetic material can be exchange
43
Q

hfr cells

A
  • high frequency of recombination
  • F+ is in the bacterial genome
  • the F+ cell undergoes rolling replication
44
Q

plasmid

A
  • replicate independently of the genome
  • used in transformation in the lab
  • extra gene package
  • may contain antibiotic resistant
45
Q

plasmid

A
  • 1 circular ds DNA
46
Q

conjugation bridge

A
  • fragile and doesn’t last long

- like an erection

47
Q

conjugation

A
  • between F+ and F-
  • formation of a conjugation bridge
  • genetic material exchanged
  • recombination between the old and new genome.
48
Q

transduction

A
  • removal of a piece of genome during excision
  • this can get transferred to next host
  • means of acquiring genetic diversity for bacteria
49
Q

viroid replication

A
  • gets into cell then replicates using rolling circle replication to create (-) RNA
  • circularize (-) RNA then using rolling circle to create (+) RNA which will roll themselves up.
  • OR use (-) RNA to make linear (+) RNA
50
Q

conjugation

A
  • big increase in genetic diversity

- does not change population size

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

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