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Princeton Bio > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Meiosis I

A

2n2x -> n2x

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2
Q

Meiosis II

A

n2x -> n

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3
Q

G1

A
  • homologous chromosomes

- 2n1x

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4
Q

G2

A
  • passed through replication already
  • 2n2x
  • replicated homologous chromosomes
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5
Q

prophase I

A
  • mitotic prophase +
  • synapsis to form the tetrad (pairing of homologous chromosomes)
  • crossing over may occur between the homologous chromosomes
  • recombination
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6
Q

all female gametes

A
  • arrested in prophase I until they are ovulated
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7
Q

metaphase I

A
  • tetrads (replicated homologous chromosomes) align at the metaphase plate
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8
Q

anaphase I

A
  • separate the homologous chromosomes

- begin cytokinesis

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9
Q

telophase I

A
  • partial reversal of mitotic prophase
  • finish cytokinesis
  • DNA may (rarely) decondense but usually remains condensed
  • usually the nuclear envelope doesn’t reform
  • spindle fibers break down
  • haploid with replicated copies (n2x)
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10
Q

prophase II

A
  • haploid with replicated copies -> haploid

- n2x -> n

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11
Q

metaphase II

A
  • align the replicated copies
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12
Q

female secondary oocyte

A
  • locked in metaphase II after ovulation until fertilization triggers completion
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13
Q

anaphase II

A
  • separate the replicated copies

- separate the sister chromatids

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14
Q

end result of meiosis

A
  • 4 cells
  • 2n2x -> n2x (in 2 cells) -> n (in 4 cells)
  • very different from each other and from parent cell
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15
Q

nondisjunction

A
  • failure of the DNA to separate during gamete formation
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16
Q

failure during anaphase I

A
  • 4 abnormal gametes
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17
Q

failure during anaphase II

A
  • 2 normal and 2 abnormal gametes
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18
Q

gene

A
  • piece of DNA that codes for a protein/RNA

- includes regulatory regions

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19
Q

allele

A
  • form of a gene
  • 1 person = 2 alleles
  • population = 2x # of alleles
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20
Q

trait

A
  • physical expression (phenotype)
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21
Q

polymorphic

A
  • a trait with several variations
  • hair color
  • can’t have several versions of insulin
22
Q

polygenic

A
  • multiple genes code for 1 trait

- genes for total body height

23
Q

pleotropic

A
  • 1 gene = many traits
24
Q

incomplete dominance

A
  • heterozygous offspring of homozygous parents display a blended phenotype
  • pink flowers (RR and WW) red and white
25
Q

two tip offs that you are dealing with nonclassical dominance

A
  • blended phenotype

- two upper case letters in the genotype

26
Q

codominance

A
  • both alleles are fully expressed
  • human ABO blood group gene
  • codes for a protein on the surface of a red blood cell
27
Q

Rh factor

A
  • classically dominant
  • R = makes Rh proteins (+)
  • r = doesn’t make Rh proteins (-)
28
Q

universal donor

A
  • O-

- no proteins to trigger reaction

29
Q

universal acceptor

A
  • AB+
  • all proteins are recognized
  • already have Rh factor so won’t attack something coming in with it.
30
Q

Epistasis

A
  • dominance between different genes
  • expression of 1 gene depends on expression of another gene
  • albino gene prevents expression of pigment genes
31
Q

Mendel’s Laws

A
  • law of segregation

- law of independent assortment

32
Q

law of segregation

A
  • alleles are separated during gamete formation

- occurs during anaphase I and anaphase II

33
Q

law of independent assortment

A
  • how one pair of alleles separates is independent of how other pairs separate.
  • comes down to randomness of how chromosomes line up at metaphase I
34
Q

homozygote x same homozygote

A
  • 100% parents genotype and phenotype
35
Q

homozygote x homozygote recessive

A
  • 100% heterozygous and 100% dominant phenotype
36
Q

heterozygote x homozygote dom/rec

A
  • 50% heterozygous: 50% homozygous parent

- 50% dominant: 50% homozygous parent

37
Q

heterozygote x heterozygote

A
  • 25% homozygous dominant: 50% heterozygous: 25% homozygous recessive
  • 75% dominant: 25% recessive
38
Q

rule of multiplication

A
  • when the question asks “and” or “both
  • probability (A and B) = prob (A) x prob (B)
  • always gives you a smaller number
39
Q

rule of addition

A
  • when the question asks “either” or “or”
  • probability (A or B) = prob (A) + prob (B) - (prob A x prob B)
  • always gives you a bigger number
40
Q

when they mention possible sex of offspring

A
  • really watch out for this!
  • multiply by 1/2 at the end!
  • they already say they have a son or daughter there is no need to multiply by 1/2
41
Q

linked genes

A
  • genes are found close together on the same chromosome

- might not sort independently

42
Q

recombination frequency

A

recombinants
_____________
total # of offspring

  • higher the RF the greater the distance between genes
43
Q

Hardy Weinberg equations

A
  • p + q = 1 (allele frequency in entire population)
  • pp + 2pq + qq = 1 (genotype frequency)
    homo hetero recessive
44
Q

5 conditions for which the equations hold true

A
  • large population
  • random mating
  • no mutation
  • no migration
  • no natural selection
45
Q

how long to reach new equilibrium if old one is disturbed

A

1 generation to reach a new equilibrium

46
Q

exception to mendel’s law of independent assortment

A
  • genes found on the same chromosome might not sort independently
  • also called linked genes
47
Q

Phenotype ratio for dihybrid (double heterozygote) cross for expected unlinked ratio

A
  • 9 dom/dom
  • 3 dom/rec
  • 3 rec/dom
  • 1 rec/rec
48
Q

if actual ratio does not match unlinked expected ratio

A
  • then the genes are linked
49
Q

double heterozygote back crossed with homozygous recessive

A
  • 1 dom/dom
  • 1 dom/red
  • 1 rec/dom
  • 1 rec/rec
50
Q

which are the recombinants?

A
  • the dom/rec and the rec/dom

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

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