Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Princeton Bio > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all transcription takes place where

A
  • the nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

all translation begins where

A
  • the cytosol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

if you are a cytosolic protein you finish translation where

A
  • in the cytosol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which proteins finish translation in the rough ER

A
  • secreted (S)
  • transmembrane (M)
  • lysosomal (O)
  • ER/Golgi resident proteins
  • som proteins have a signal sequence and finish translation the rough ER.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

secreted or lysosomal protein signal sequence

A
  • first few amino acids translated

- removed from the mature protein after translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

transmembrane protein signal sequence

A
  • signal can be any part of the protein
  • signal may appear several times
  • keep signal sequence. becomes transmembrane region of the protein.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

signal sequence

A
  • helps to pass through pore to go into cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

components of the cell membrane

A
  • phospholipids- primary lipid of cell membrane
  • cholesterol
  • proteins - allow membrane to be a dynamic structure
  • carbohydrates - unique cell surface markers on extracellular surface of membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cholesterol

A
  • increase fluidity at low temps
  • keep membrane stable
  • prevents hydrocarbon tails from packing together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can pass through the cell membrane

A
  • small nonpolar CO2, O2

- lipid soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

types of proteins

A
  • peripheral - on the top
  • transmembrane
  • integral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

types of barriers

A
  • blood/brain barrier
  • blood/testes barrier
  • blood/placenta barrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

electrolytes

A
  • free ions in solution as a result of dissolving ionic substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

van’t hoff factor (i)

A
  • number of molecules/ions produced when dissolved in H2O
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

colligative properties

A
  • properties that depend on the number of solute particles but not on their identity
  • freezing point - decreases as number of particles increases
  • vapor pressure - decreases as number of particles increases
  • boiling point - increases as number of particles increases
  • osmotic pressure - increases as number of particles increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

molality

A

moles of solute
_____________
kg of solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

FP depression

A

Δ T_f = -k_f i m

k_f (water) = 1.9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vapor Pressure Depression

A
  • # of gas particles in equilibrium with the gas phase
  • solute particles act as anchors
  • how easy it is for things to evaporate from the surface of a liquid.
  • because less solvent has evaporated, vapor pressure is lower.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

less evaporation

A
  • less gas particles = lower VP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Boiling point elevation

A
  • in the presence of a solute, the BP of a solution increases

BP elevation ΔT_b = k_b i m
k_b = 0.5

  • add the difference to the original boiling point.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

osmotic pressure elevation

A
  • pressure required to resist the movement of water by osmosis
  • more solute causes increase water movement causing pressure to increase to resist that movement

π = i m R T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

diffusion

A
  • movement of particles from high concentration to low concentrated areas
  • moving down a gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

osmosis

A
  • water moves from its high concentration to its low concentrated area
  • where there are a lot of particles, there is not a lot of room for water. where there are fewer particles, there is lots of room for water.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hypertonic

A
  • has more particles than
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

hypotonic

A
  • less particles than
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

isotonic

A
  • equal concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

can sucrose or any sugars break down in water?

A
  • no!
28
Q

passive transport

A
  • no energy required
  • relies on a concentration gradient
  • if there is no gradient, there will be no transport
  • Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
  • The salty C surrounds our cells
29
Q

simple diffusion

A
  • works well for small hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules
  • molecule moves according to gradient
  • O2, CO2, lipid soluble, steroids
30
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • still moves down gradient
  • small hydrophilic molecules
  • needs a helper protein
  • ions, glucose, AAs, large molecules, water
31
Q

helper proteins

A
  • pores
  • channels
  • porters
32
Q

pores

A
  • nonspecific holes in the membrane

- size based

33
Q

channels

A
  • highly specific holes in the membrane

- right ID to get through the channel

34
Q

porters

A
  • carriers

- undergo conformational change to allow a molecule across the membrane

35
Q

active transport

A
  • requires energy (ATP)

- move molecule against their concentration gradient

36
Q

primary active transport

A
  • uses ATP directly
37
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

- primary active transport

A
  • maintains osmotic balance
  • establishes electrical gradient (RMP = approx - 70 mV)
  • sets up sodium gradient for secondary active transport
  • 3 Na+ OUT. 2 K+ IN.
38
Q

secondary active transport

A
  • uses ATP indirectly
  • relies on gradient set up by primary active transport.
  • Na+/glucose cotransporter
39
Q

G proteins adenylyl cyclase

A
  • GTP replaces GDP upon binding of ligand to G-protein linked receptor
  • GDP on alpha beta gamma subunit activates adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP
  • increases cAMP
  • activates cAMP dependent protein kinases
  • enzyme phosphorylation
  • modify enzyme activity in the cell
40
Q

2nd messenger systems

A
  • cAMP is the second messenger. First messenger is the ligand that couldn’t cross the cell membrane.
  • signal amplification
  • fast and temporary
41
Q

G proteins phospholipase C

A
  • ligand binds to G-protein linked receptor
  • alpha beta gamma subunit activates phospholipase C to make DAG and IP3
  • DAG activates kinases which changes enzyme activity
  • IP3 increases intracellular calcium
42
Q

cilia/flagella cross section

A
  • 9+2 arrangment
  • 9 pairs microtubules on the outside
  • 2 microtubules on the inside
  • connected via dynein - folds up and opens
43
Q

desmosomes

A
  • general adhesive junctions between cells
44
Q

tight junctions

A
  • seal lumens
  • separate environments
  • found near apex of cells
45
Q

gap junctions

A
  • cell-to-cell communication

- like a tunnel shared between cells

46
Q

Cell Cycle

A
  • Interphase

- Mitosis - separate the replicated copies

47
Q

Interphase

A
  • G1 - growth and normal cell activity (2n1x)
  • S - synthesis, DNA replication
  • G2 - growth and prep for division (2n2x)
48
Q

G0

A
  • stasis

- Ex. neuron

49
Q

points of regulation

A
  • between G1 and S - most regulated!

- between G2 and mitosis

50
Q

prophase

A
  • nuclear membrane breaks down
  • build the mitotic spindle
  • condense DNA
51
Q

metaphase

A
  • replicated DNA aligns at the metaphase plate at the cell center
  • align randomly
52
Q

anaphase

A
  • separate the sister chromatids
  • begin cytokinesis
  • cleavage furrow made by microfilaments`
53
Q

telophase

A
  • reverse of prophase

- finish cytokinesis

54
Q

end product of mitosis

A
  • two daughter cells that are IDENTICAL to each other and IDENTICAL to the parent cell
55
Q

cancer

A
  • result from changes in the DNA sequence of key genes
  • start from single cells with mutated DNA
  • cells grow and divide without control
  • migrate to surrounding tissues
56
Q

TWO types of cancer genes

A
  • oncogenes

- tumor suppressor genes

57
Q

proto-oncogenes

A
  • normal genes which control the cell cycle
  • whole body growth
  • healing
  • cell turnover
58
Q

oncogene

A
  • mutated proto-oncogene that is permanently on

- gain of function mutation

59
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A
  • code for proteins that stop the cell cycle
  • monitor genome of cells in the cell cycle
  • if DNA damaged, initiate repair pathway
  • if not repairable, then the tumor cells trigger apoptosis
  • loss of function mutation
60
Q

Caspases

A
  • c-asp-ases

- cut the C terminus of Asp

61
Q

extracellular death signals

A
  • killer T cells
62
Q

intracellular death signals

A
  • caspases
63
Q

secreted protein translation

A
  • signal sequence comes at the very beginning
  • as protein is being made it is being pushed through the translocator pore into the ER lumen
  • has hydrophobic signal sequence in the ER membrane. protein folds and hangs off of it.
  • after translation, clip protein off signal sequence, packaged up and sent to the Golgi for further processing
64
Q

membrane bound protein translation

A
  • may already have several amino acids translated ahead.
  • signal sequence somewhere in the middle
  • translation proceeds into lumen of ER
  • signal sequence docks in ER and translation occurs on opposite side.
  • everytime a signal sequence appears, translation occurs on the opposite side of the ER.
  • protein being threaded through membrane
  • signal sequences must remain
  • vesicles bubbles up and pinches off to move outward.
65
Q

relationship between osmotic pressure and particle concentration

A
  • directly related
66
Q

initiator caspases

A
  • activated in response to intra- or extracellular signals
67
Q

effector caspases

A
  • activated by initiators to carry out process of apoptosis

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions