Reproduction Flashcards
What organs and glands are in the reproductive system
Testes
Ovaries
Sperm and eggs (Gammie)
Sex hormones
Pituitary gland
What are the parts of the female vigina
External organs
Vulva
Moms pubis
Labia majora
Lindia minora
Vestibule
Urethral orfice
Vaginal orifice
What is ovaries
Produces and release female gametes and sex hormones like striven and progesterone
What is the structure of ovaries
Ovary lives inside a sack made up of tunica albuginea and germinal epithelium
Then cortex which houses developing eggs
The medulla contains most of the ovaries blood vessels and nerves
What is ovarian follicles
Tiny sack like structure that which each hold a single primary oocyte (incomplete prototype egg) along with a bunch of supporting follicles cells
Oogensis
The Prosecco of egg creation which is delayed till puberty
What is a menstrual cycle
Happens in the uterus to prepare for a fertilised egg
What is the ovarian cycle
The maturation of the follicle and egg
What is atresia
A kind of programmed self destruction
The hypothalamus and pituitary glands control and start the
Ovarian cycle and the me atrial cycle
What happiness the ovarian cycle
Hypothalamus produces GnRH
To the pituitary gland which the releases 2 more hormones FSH and LH
FSH stimulates the growth of a follicle but only one. The one that is the furthest along in development. It drives that follicle to keep growing.
The follicle will then produce estagen hormones which triggers the follicle to mature even more
This the simulates the pituitary gland to release LH hormones to Finnish the job
What happened to a mature follicle in the ovarian cycle
It then pushes up against the ovary wall which then Ruptured and with the help of enzymes breaches the well and ejects a single now mature oocyte
The damaged follicle now slows it destroyed production while morphing into a different structure called corpus outrun, which eventually degenerates
But first it releases a final hormones like progesterone, oestrogen and some inhibin which stop the release of the FSH and LH.
Also prepare the uterus to receive the oocyte which is now in its way down the Fallopian tube
What is a Fallopian tube
Are made of sheet of smooth muscle and a highly folded mucosa layer
They are 10 centimetres long and not actually connected to the ovaries.
The egg floats a short way through the peritoneal cavity before caught by the Fallopian tube
What is a uterus
Is a hollow thick welled and very stretchable muscular organ that sits anterior to the rectum and posterior to the bladder and ends with the cervix
The wall has 3 layers
Perimetrium on the outside
Myometrium that contracts during labor
Endometrium thin layer which sloughs off
Menstrual cycle starts
When the Endometrium layer of the Uranus sloughs off
What is the menstrual cycle
The series of changes that the endometrium goes through every 28 days or so.
As a response to changing hormone levels and I coordination with the ovarian cycle
What triggers the shedding of the functional layer is
Progesterone and oestrogen what where being produced by the corpus luteum starts to drop about 10 days after ovulation.
Which last about 5 days
What is phase 2 of the menstrual cycle
The proliferative stage
Which last from day 6 to 14 of the cycle
The rising oestrogen levels in the follicles stimulate the regeneration of the endometrium
Building a good potential habitat for a potential fertilised egg to call home.
3 stage of menstrual cycle is
Secretory phase begins
This is when the ruptured follicle forms in the corpus luteum
If fertilisation didn’t happen the coupus will stop producing progesterone and endometrium will start to shed functional layer starting over again
If the egg is fertilised
The pulse of progesterone from the corpus triggers even more thickening of the functional layer of the endometrium and a secretion of nutrients that will tide an embryo over until it has implanted itself in the blood rich lining
What are the testicles
Responsible for making male gametes, sperm and the androgen hormone testosterone
Dangle out side the abdominal cavity in the scrotum
Sperm
They are touchy when it come to temperature
They have to be outside the body cavity to reach the lower temperature necessary for proper spermatogensis or sperm production
Will die if in 37 degrees
What is the structure of testes
Lobule which have 250 sections with
seminiferous tubule are the sperm factory made of a stratified epithelium surrounding a central fluid filled lumen
Containing the sertoli cells which nourish developing cells
Also let dig cells that secrete testosterone
How is sperm developed
Ou the outer Ashe of the tubule and progress inward towards the lumen
Starts with a trigger called hormonal cascade
Hypothalamus produces gonadotropin releasing hormone telling the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing into the blood. Telling the leyding cells to release testosterone
The FSH triggers the Sertoli cells to release androgen binding protein. This builds to the testosterone creating large local concentration of it.
Which triggers the production of speed cells
What is spermatogonia
The targets of the testosterone are the outer most cells in the tubules. They the stem cells that set the sperm making process in motion by dividing.
When you hit puberty they split into 2 different spermatagonia
Type a cell stays near the basal lamina and keeps dividing so you don’t run out
Type b gets pushed down to the lumen and turn into primary spermatocytes
Then go into meiosis 1 and form two smaller haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes
The go into meiosis 2 and split into 4 spermatids
What is spermatids
Have all 23 chromosomes they need for fertilisation. But they aren’t mobile.
What is spermiogenesis
The presses in which spermatids elongates and grows a tail and can take 5 weeks
What are mitosis cells
They are several layers of you’d cells which contract to squeeze sperm and guild secreted by the Sertoli cell. Towards the rete testis
What happened in the epididymis
A long set of tubes where they will spend a few weeks gaining their mobility
The bulk is the enormous duct of epididymis full of microvilli for a large surface area to help reabsorb extra fluid help pass nutrients to feed the sperm
Then they go to the inferior epididymis where they gain mitochondria so so they will have energy to swim
What happened during ejaculation
The sperm flows from epididymis through the vas deferens, a tube that travels and joins with the duct from the seminal gland to create the ejaculatory duct.
The left and right pass into the prostate gland where they empty into the urethra
Which runs from the bladder through the penis and into the outside world.
What does sperm, testicular fluid and gland secretion do
Provide sperm with
Transportation
Nutritional energy
chemical production
Mobility
What is the seminal vesicles
Are a pair of small hollow glands behind the bladder that secrete a yellowish flood that contains coagulating enzymes, fructose and other thing which help nourish sperm
What is the prostate gland
It contracts to squeeze its own special secretion into the urethra.
Which helps keep semen liquid to help it move better
What is the structure of the penis
Hangs under the pubis
Ends at the glands penis
Surrounded by a fleshy cuff of foreskin
Internally it contains three layers of erectile tissues each wrapped in a layer dense fibrous connective tissue. Which fills with blood during sexual arousal
