Cell Division And Protein Syntnesis Flashcards
The cells
Are the basic structure and functional unit of all living organisms
Two types of cell, prokaryotes and eukaryote
Level of cells
Chemical level
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organismsal
The nucleus
Control center - contains chromatin made up of DNA and proteins
One per cell
Have nuclear membrane - selectivity permeable
Contains nucleus
Nucleus
Contains genetic information , in the form of DNA
Need this so knows how to build proteins all cells do this
Also need it when replication takes place
What are the instructions
Nucleotide bases
A- adenine
T- thymine
C- cytosine
G- guanine
What is a gene
A segment of deoxyribose nucleus acid which carries instructions for making a protein
A protein is made up of amino acid joined together by peptide bonds
The instructions from DNA therefore determine the order of the amino acids required to make a particular protein
Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation
Protein synthesis
Two main phases
Transcription - information transferred from DNA to mRNA in nucleus
Translation- information from mRNA decoded and used to assemble proteins at ribosomes in cytoplasm
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid RNA = ribonucleic acid
Cell relocation
Replicate genetic material
Split genetic material into two separate packages
Cytokinesis
Mitosis
Cell division is necessary for growth and repair
Some cells wear out more quickly than others
Not clear what signals a cell to divide
Results in 2 identical daughter cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes in each
Some cells rarely replicate
Others cells replicate often
Meiosis
Occurs only in testes and ovaries
Replicates genetic material once but have 2 successive divisions of nucleus
Regulate in 4 daughter cells
Each daughter cell contains individual 23 chromosomes that are mix of the original two chromosomes genetic variation evolution
Inheritance of characteristics
Most characteristics are determined by several genes and also environmental factors
A few simple characteristics are determined by just one alley and environmental factors are almost irrelevant
