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Hs1023 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 functions make up the nervous system

A

Sensory input

Integration

Motor output

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2
Q

What is sensory input

A

On the skin is sensory receptors detect something

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3
Q

What is integration

A

Your nervous system processes that input and decides what to do about it

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4
Q

What is the motor output

A

Is the reaction that occurs when you nervous system activated certain parts of your body

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5
Q

What is the 2 main nervous systems

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

Is your brain and spinal cord

The main control center

It’s what decides you motor response

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7
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

Is the composed of all the nerves that branch off from the brain and Solon that allow you central nervous system to communicate with the rest of your body.

Can work in both directions

Sensory division is what picks up sensory stimuli and sends it to the brain.

Motor division sends directions from your brain to the muscles and glands
Also includes voluntary nervous system that rule you skeletal muscles movement
And involuntary nervous system that keep you heart beating etc - spilt into sympathetic division which mobiles the body and vest it all fired up. / parasympathetic division relaxes the body and talks it down

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8
Q

What is the nervous system mainly made up of

A

Nervous tissue which is packed with cells

Cells like the neuron cells which respond to stimuli and transmit signals

Protected by glial cells which provide support, insulation, help with signal transmission

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9
Q

Central nervous systems glial cells

A

Astrocytes - support and regulate ions

Microglial cells - defend against invading microorganism

Ependymal cells - line cavities create and secret circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Oligodendrocytes - wrap and insulate form myelin sheath

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10
Q

Peripheral nervous systems glial cells

A

Satellite cells - surround neuron cells

Schwann cells - insulate help from myelin sheath

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11
Q

What is Neurons cells

A

Some of the longest lived cells in your body

Hey are irreplaceable

They are amitotic so they lose they ability to divide

They have huge appetites about 25% of the calories that you take in everyday are consumed by your brain activity

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12
Q

Structure of neurons

A

Cell body is the life support - nucleus, mitochondria

Dendrites pick up messages from other cells and pass it to the call body

Axon transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body to other cells.

Most common multipolar neutron

Bipolar neutron have 2 proses

Unipolar neutron have just 1

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13
Q

That is the neurones function

A

Which way an impulse travels through a neuron in relation to the brain and spine.

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14
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Pick up and transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system

They are mostly unipolar neutrons

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15
Q

Motor neurons

A

Transmit impulses away from the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Mostly multipolar neutrons

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16
Q

Interneurons

A

Are in the central nervous system

Move impulses between the sensory and motor neurons

Multipolar neutrons

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17
Q

How many signal can neutrons send and at what speed

A

One signal and at one speed

The frequency can change

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18
Q

What is action potential

A

The nerve impulse

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19
Q

What electrical change does our body’s have

A

Electrical neutral

Can keep positive and negative separate to build potential

20
Q

What is voltage

A

Is the measure of potential energy generated by departed charge

Membrane potential

21
Q

What is Current

A

The flow of electricity from one point to another

Correct = voltage / resistance

22
Q

What is resistance

A

Whatever’s getting in the way of the current

23
Q

Positive and negative in the body

A

Currents indicate the flow of positively or negatively charged ions across the resistance of your cells membrane.

24
Q

What is a Reston neuron

A

Resting membrane potential - 70 mV

More negative potassium inside
Mixed with negative change protein

Outside is a bunch of positive sodium

It is polarised

25
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump

A

Straddles the membrane of the neuron and there are tons all along the axon.

Every 2 positive potassium ions into the cell, it pumps out 3 negative sodium ions

26
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Creates a difference in the concentration of sodium and potassium

Different in changes making it more positive outside the neuron

Called elecrochemical gradient

27
Q

What is ion channel

A

Large proteins that can provide a passage across the membrane

when their respective gates are open.

This movement of ions is the key to all electrical events in neurons

28
Q

Violates gated channels

A

Open and close in response to change in membrane potential

Sodium channels in your neurons open around -55mV

29
Q

Ligand gated channels

A

Only open up when a neurotransmitter latches onto its receptors

30
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

Open in response to the physical stretching of the membrane

31
Q

What is a graded potential

A

If only a few changes open and only a few sodium enters the cell that causes just a little change in the membrane potential in a localised part of the cell.

Inner voltage is Resting at 70mV

32
Q

What is action potential

A

If a lot of channels open and a lot of sodium enters the cell that causes just a long change in the membrane potential in a localised part of the cell.

Bigger enough to trigger the voltage gated channels

33
Q

What happens when a neuron passes messages

A

Inner voltage is Resting at 70mV

Then you touch something

Triggering sodium channels to open

Increasing the change inside the membrane

Has to be -55 mV

Then the voltage gated sodium channels open

Positive sodium ions rush in making the cell depolarised

Up to about 40 mV

A brief depolarisation caused by changes in current

Kick off a biological chain reaction sends that electrical signal down the axon.

Voltage gated sodium channels open its strong enough to change the voltage around

Then its repolarization kick in

Voltage gated potassium ion channels open up letting those potassium ions flow out

Voltage drops to -75mV before all the gates close and the sodium potassium pumps take over and bring things back to their resting level

34
Q

What is the refractory period

A

It can’t respond to any other stimulus

Help stop signal from traveling down both of th actions

35
Q

A myelin sheath

A

Axons coated in insulating myelin conduct impulse faster than non myelinated ones

A current can leap from one gap in the myelin to the next

Gaps called nodes or ranvier

Called slating conduction

36
Q

Whats a synapse

A

The meeting point between two neurons

Tinny communication links between them

Able to change and adapt in response to neuron firing patterns

37
Q

What are the to modes of transportation in the nervous system (synapses )

A

Electrical - immediate

Chemical - controlled, slower and more personal

38
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Send an ion current directly from the cytoplasm of one nerve cell to another

Through small windows Calle gaps junctions

They are supper fast because the signal is never converted from its pure electrical state

One cell can trigger thousands of other cells that can all act in synchrony

39
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Much more abundant

Slower

More precise

Uses neurotransmitters or chemical signals

Diffuse across a synaptic gap to deliver their message

They can connectivity convert the signal in steps from electrical to chemical back to electrical

At the synapses the signal can be modified, amplified or split

40
Q

Chemical synapses two principles parts

A

The cell that sending the signal is the presynaptic neuron and it transmits through a knoblike structure called the presynaptic terminal along the axon terminal
Holding a bunch of tiny synaptic vesicles sacs each loaded with thousands of molecules of given neurotransmitter

The postsynaptic neuron and it accepts the the neurotransmitters in its receptor region

41
Q

Who do the presynaptic neurons and the postsynaptic neuroses communicate

A

They don’t touch but there is a tinny gap called synaptic cleft between them

Come to the presynaptic terminal

Activated the voltage gated calcium channel they open and release the calcium
Into the neuron cytoplasm

This flow of positively charged calcium ions causes all those tiny synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and purge their chemical messages

Its these neurotransmitter that act like couriers diffusing across the synaptic gap, building to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron

42
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Depolarise the postsynaptic neuron by making the inside of it more positive and bring it closer to its action potential threshold making it more likely to fire that message on to the next neuron

43
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Hyperpolarizes the Postsynaptic neuron by making the inside more negative, driving its chnarge down away from its threshold.

Depends on the sum of all the excitation sand inhibitions in that area

44
Q

What is serotonin

A

Mainly inhibitory

Role in regulating mood, appetite, circadian rhythm and sleep.

45
Q

What is dopamine

A

Influences emotion and attention

Makes you feel good

46
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Triggers you fight or flight

Increasing your heart rate

Priming muscles

47
Q

After use what happened to the

A

They are diffused back across the synapse and are immediately re absorbed called reuptake

Others are broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft

Or sent away from the synapse by diffusion

Hs1023 (16 decks)

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