Nutrition And Gastro-intestinal System

Question 1

What is the body made up off

Answer 1

64% of water

16% of proteins

16% fat

4% minerals

1% carbs

Question 2

What are the different types of nutrients

Answer 2

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

Question 3

Macronutrients consist of

Answer 3

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Question 4

Micronutrients consists of

Answer 4

Minerals

Vitamins

Question 5

What is the recommendation for fluid intake

Answer 5

Men
2000ml/day

Women
1600ml/day

Question 6

What is carbohydrates

Answer 6

The most plentiful component of our diet

Can only be used for energy

Essential for all life processes

Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 7

Classifications of carbohydrates

Answer 7

Simple sugars
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
Provide energy

Oligosaccharides

Polysaccharide
Provide slow releasing energy

Question 8

Energy sources and storage

Answer 8

Blood glucose

Glycogen (liver, muscles) 1st

Adipose tissue 2nd

Body protein 3rd

Question 9

Lipids

Answer 9

Are fats and oils

Oils from plant origin and are composed of unsaturated fatty acids

Fats are animal origin and are composed of saturated fatty acids

They have twice as much energy as carbohydrates

Should aim for 20-30% of our energy intake to be lipid

But most unsaturated

Question 10

Lipids in health

Answer 10

Lipids are a dense source of energy

They needed to form all plasma cell membrane

They are needed for the production of signalling molecules, some hormones, steroids, and cell membrane

A fat free diet is not recommended because it would probably deplete lipid soluble vitimins

Question 11

Cholesterol

Answer 11

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells. In excess it can build up in the artery walls, leading to disease of the arteries.
Also know as bad cholesterol

High density lipoprotein HDL
HDL carries cholesterol away from the cells to the liver, where it is either broken down or passed out of the body as a wast product.
Also know as good cholesterol

Question 12

Recommend values of LDL and HDL

Answer 12

LDL value 3 mmol/L

HDL value 1 mmol/L

Question 13

Proteins

Answer 13

Proteins are made up of amino acids

Amino acids contain nitrogen

Because of this they Paul a role in forming structures such as muscles, tissues, organs, skin and hair

There are about 20 different amino acids, together make hundreds of different proteins

Proteins are very diverse molecules with many functions
E.g enzymes, defence, transport, structure support, movement

Question 14

Vitamins

Answer 14

Organic molecules required for normal metabolism, yet present in only small amounts in food.

Categorised in two ways
1-Water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins
2-essential vitamins and non-essential vitamins

Question 15

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 15

Vitamin C- ascorbic acid

Vitamin B complex

Question 16

Vitamin C

Answer 16

Helps protect cells and keep them healthy

Necessary for the maintenance of healthy connective tissue, which gives support and structure for tissues and organs

Important component of wound healing

A lack of vitamin C can lead to scurvy

Question 17

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 17

Fat soluble vitamins are found mainly in fatty foods such as animal fats, vegetable oils, dairy, foods, liver and oily fish

Not necessary to eat foods containing them every day

Vitamins

A D E K

Question 18

Vitamin A retinol

Answer 18

Found in
Liver
Cheese, eggs
Fortified low fat spreads
Yoghurt
Beta carotene

Role
Strengthening immunity agains infections
Helping vision in dim light
Keeping skin and the linings of some parts of the body, such and the nose healthy

Question 19

Vitamin D calciferol

Answer 19

Most vitamin D is synthesised in the body from sunlight on the skin

Good forms 
Oily fish
Eggs
Fortified fat spreads
Fortified breakfast cereals
Powdered milk

Question 20

Vitamin D

Answer 20

Role
Helps regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body

Vitamin D is needed to keep bones and teeth healthy

Lack of vitamin D can lead to bone deformities such as tickets in children, and bone pain and tenderness as a result of a condition called osteomalacia in adults

Question 21

Vitamin E tocopherol

Answer 21

Found in 
Plants and oils such as soya
Corn
Olive oil
Nuts
Seeds weheat germ
Cereals 

Role
Helps maintain cell structure by protecting cell membrane

Question 22

Vitamin K

Answer 22

Found in
Green leafy veg
Veg oils
Cereals

Role
Needed for blood clotting
There is increasing evidence that vitamin k is also needed to help build strong bones

Question 23

Minerals

Answer 23

A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that is solid and inorganic- representable by a chemical formula, they have an ordered atomic structure

Essential minerals inclund calcium and iron, although there are also many other types of minerals that are an important part of a healthy diet

Question 24

The biology of obesity

Answer 24

A problem of energy balance

Law of obesity
Obesity may occur when energy intake is in excess of energy expenditure

Obese people have a higher energy expenditure and so higher average intake than lean people

Question 25

Endocrine control of appetite

Answer 25

Hey hormones invoked in appetite regulation The hypothalamus is heavily involved in the regulation of food intake. ``` 4 primary hormones to increase the sensation of hunger Ghreli Orexin Neuropeptide Y Melanin ``` ``` 5 hormones that increase the sensation of satiety Lepton Cholecystokinin Glucagon Amylin Serotonin ```

Question 26

What impact can diet have on our health

Answer 26

Obesity The prevalence of obesity is increasing An estimated 30,000 deaths a year are caused by obesity Take 9 years of someone’s life

Question 27

What does obesity do to the body

Answer 27

At risk of certain cancers 3 times more likely to develop colon cancer More that 2.5 times more likely to develop high blood pressure 5 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes