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Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of asexual reproduction in plants?

A
  1. No gametes
  2. No fertilisation
  3. No variation in offspring
  4. Good survival in a stable environment
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Gametes produced in meiosis
  2. Fertilisation
  3. Variation in offspring
  4. Survival value in changing environment
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3
Q

What changes do the sex called in plants undergo?

A

Male gamete + female gamete (fusion)

→zygote -cell division→ embryo

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4
Q

What is the make gamete in plants?

A

Pollen produced in the anthers

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5
Q

What is the female gamete in plants?

A

Ova produced in the ovules

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6
Q

Define pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from the anthers of a plant to the flower

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of an insect pollinated flower?

A
  1. Anther and stamen inside the flower
  2. Sticky stigma inside flower
  3. Large, sticky pollen grains
  4. Large, bright petals
  5. Nectary
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of a wind pollinated flower?

A
  1. Anther and stamen outside the flower
  2. Feathery stigma outside
  3. Small and light pollen grains
  4. Small, usually green petals
  5. No nectary
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9
Q

What are the stages of fertilisation?

A
  1. Pollen transferred to stigma
  2. Pollen tube grows down the style
  3. Into ovary
  4. Into ovule
  5. Male nucleus fuses with female nucleus
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10
Q

How are seeds and fruit formed?

A
  1. Ovule develops into a seed

2. Ovary develops into fruit

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11
Q

What are the conditions for germination?

Why?

A
  1. Warm - germination improves as temperature rises (up to a point)
  2. Moist - allows the seed to swell up which allows the embryo to start growing
  3. Oxygen - energy can be released for germination
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12
Q

What are the squiggly tubes running alongside the testes?

A

The epididymis

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13
Q

What is the tube that runs from the epididymis to the urethra?

A

The vas deferens - stores sperm

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14
Q

What’s the flowery thing at the start of the urethra?

A

The prostate gland - produces semen

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15
Q

What is the tube running from the kidney to the bladder?

A

The ureter - carries urine to the bladder

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16
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Form sperm by meiotic cell division. Only occurs below body temperature

17
Q

What is the entrance to the uterus called?

A

The cervix

18
Q

What happens in the ovaries?

A

Egg and hormone production

19
Q

What is the tube running from the egg to the uterus called?

A

The oviduct

20
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

In the Fallopian tubes

21
Q

What happens in fertilisation?

A
  1. The head of a sperm enters the egg an the nuclei fuse to form a Zygote
  2. If two eggs are released, twins may occur
  3. Identical twins happen if the egg splits in half after fertilisation
22
Q

What are the male gametes in humans?

A

The sperm

23
Q

What are the female gametes in humans?

A

The ova

24
Q

How often is an egg produced?

A

28 days

25
Q

What does oestrogen cause in women?

A
  1. Pubic hair
  2. Widening hips
  3. Breast development
  4. Ovum release and periods start
26
Q

What does testosterone cause in men?

A
  1. Extra hair on face and body
  2. Muscle development
  3. Penis and testicles enlarge
  4. Sperm production
  5. Deepening of voice
27
Q

What happens during the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days
  2. Uterus lining builds up 10 days
  3. Ovum develops and is released
  4. Wall is maintained for about 14 days
28
Q

In menstruation, what does oestrogen do?

A
  1. Causes uterus lining to thicken and grow

2. Stimulates the ovum release

29
Q

What does progesterone do in menstruation?

A

Maintains the thickness of the uterus lining

30
Q

When fertilised, what does an egg develop into?

A

An embryo

31
Q

What happens once the embryo is implanted?

A

The placenta develops and the baby develops into a fetus

32
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

Nutrients and oxygen are diffused through it to the baby

33
Q

How is the placenta adapted to do its job?

A

It has villi

Biology (20 decks)

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