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Human physiology > Reproduction 2 (female development) > Flashcards

Reproduction 2 (female development) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the female reproductive system?

A
  • Cyclic changes in activity = menstrual cycle
  • Restricted period of fertility = ovulation
  • Limited gamete production = pool established at birth
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2
Q

What are female hormones made up of?

A

They are very steroid based

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3
Q

What are female gonads?

A

Ovaries

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4
Q

What makes up the female reproductive tract?

A

Uterus, uterine tubes, vagina

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5
Q

What is the external female genitalia?

A

Vulva

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6
Q

What happens in the ovaries?

A

Site of ova maturation

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7
Q

What do the ovaries consist of?

A

Consists of connective tossue with follicles

Seperate from reproductive tract

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8
Q

What do follicles contain?

A

Contain one ovum

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9
Q

Where does the ovum develop?

A

In the ovary

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10
Q

What does the ovum start of as?

A

(It develops in the ovary)

Starts as a primordal follicle
- Oocyte = ovum
- Granulosa cells

Later in development, some granulosa cells become theca cells

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11
Q

What are oocytes like?

A

Oocyte is much bigger & has a significant amount of cytoplasm

They have surrounding granulosa cells, granulosa cells go on to become theca cells

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12
Q

What are the main roles of granulosa cells?

A
  • Target cells of estrogen & FSH
  • Secrete inhibin
  • Transport nutrients to oocytes through gap junctions
  • Secrete estrogens
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13
Q

What happens when estrogen & FSH target the granulosa cells?

A

Secrete chemical messengers in response

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14
Q

What does granulosa cells secreteing inhibin cause?

A

Provides -ive feedback to FSH secretion

This has a role in mentrual cycle timing - which is incredibly important

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15
Q

Summary slide on Granulosa cells:

List all the functions of Granulosa cells:

A
  • Secrete antral fluid
  • Provide nutrients for developing cycle
  • Secrete paracrines that support follicle development
  • Secrete inhibin
  • Secrete estrogens
  • Secrete substance that forms zona pellucida
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16
Q

Describe the general appearance of the vagina:

A
  • Female organ of copulation
  • Wall contains smooth muscle
  • Inner surface bathed in acid fluid secreted from uterus or glands in cervix
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17
Q

How is the vagina being bathed in acid beneficial?

A

Protects against bacterial infections

(This is why semen must be alkaline - to combat this)

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18
Q

What are the areas of the uterus?

A
  • Body = upper portion
  • Cervix = canal leading to vagina
  • Cervix & vagina = birth canal
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19
Q

What is the uterus the site of?

A

Fetal development

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20
Q

What are the 3 layers lining the uterus called?

A
  • Outer layer = perimetrium
  • Middle layer = myometrium
  • Inner layer = endometrium
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21
Q

What is the outer layer (permetrium) of the uterus made of?

A

Epithelial cells & connective tissue

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22
Q

What is the middle layer (myometrium) of the uterus made of?

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Thickest layer
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23
Q

What is the inner layer (endometrium) of the uterus made of?

A
  • Layer of epithelial cells
  • Layer of connective tissue
  • Numerous glands
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24
Q

What is the role of the inner layer (endometrium) of the uterus?

A

Has a secretory role, many glands to move these things to the uterus

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25
Q

What is the role of the middle layer (myometrium) of the uterus?

A

Thick muscular wall, this drives contractions that you have during childbirth

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26
Q

What are the uterine tubes also called?

A

Fallopian tubes or oviducts

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27
Q

What is the role of the uterine tubes (fallopian)?

A
  • Ova transported from ovaries to uterus
  • Site of fertilisation

(When gamete is released at ovulation, it is collected by these tubes & moved to the womb)

28
Q

How does the uterine tube connect to the ovary?

A

Fimbrae

29
Q

What is the role of the infundibulum & fimbrae (attached to uterine tube)?

A

Pick up the released ovum form the ovary

30
Q

How does the ovum move thru the uterine tube?

A
  • Initially = peristaltic contractions
  • Mostly = ciliary actions
  • Duration = 4 days to uterus
31
Q

What are the stages of development to produce an ova?

A

Oogenesis –> oogonia –> ova

32
Q

How many oogonia can women have in their lifetime?

A

Number of oogonia is fixed prior to birth

33
Q

Wasn’t sure how to put this into a question:

(This is about oogenesis)

A
  • Meiosis begins in fetal life
  • Meiosis only completed after fertilisation
34
Q

Describe the process of oogenesis:

A
  • Oogenesis - we get mitosis in embryonic phase of development –> produces primary oocyte that goes thru a meiotic division which doesn’t happen until puberty
  • Cell undergoes uneven cell division, most of the cytoplasm goes into one cell to give you a polar body that disintergates
  • Secondary oocyte will only complete secondary meiosis when fertilised, gives a second polar body as uneven cell division used to give the ovum which is much larger - contains 2n once fertilised
35
Q

What does oogenesis result in?

A

Only 1 daughter cell

36
Q

What does the menstrual cycle include?

A
  • The ovarian cycle
  • The uterine cycle
37
Q

What is the menstrual cycle run by?

A

Caused by changes in estrogen & progesterone contractions (carefully timed changes)

38
Q

What are the 3 stages in the ovulatory cycle?

A
  • Pre-ovulatory
  • Ovulation
  • Post-ovulatory
39
Q

What happens in the pre-ovulatory stage?

A
  • Follicular (Proliferative) phase –> oestrogens
  • Menstruation –> ovulation
  • ~14 days
40
Q

What happens in the post-ovulatory stage?

A
  • Luteal (Secretory) phase –> progestins
  • Ovulation –> before menstruation
  • 14 days
41
Q

Describe the basic process of an oocyte being released?

A
  • One follicle is chosen from one ovary - start w primary follicle & then you get a secondary follicle
  • When follicle matures it is released from the ovary & ovulation happens
  • Corpus lutemum produces progesterone & breaks down to start the process again (was surrounding the oocyte before it left ovary)
42
Q

What are the stages of the uterine cycle?

A
  • Mestural phase = 1-5 days
  • Proliferative phase = day 14
  • Secretory phase = days 15-28

(First two are the follicular phase, last one is the luteal phase)

43
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A
  • A few follicles begin to develop from primordial follicles
  • Oocyte grows, granulosa cells proliferate
  • Zona pellucida & antrum form
  • Dominant follicle continues development, rest regress
  • Corona radiata develops
  • Graafian follicles = mature follicle
  • Ovulation
  • FSH & estrogens stimulate follicle growth & developemnt
44
Q

What are the parts of a graafian follicle:

(Probs should look at the diagram they may ask you to label it)

A
  • Cumulus oophorus
  • Oocyte
  • Zona pellucida
  • Corona radiata
  • Antrum
  • Theca cells
45
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

LH surge triggers ovulation & development of corpus leuteal phase

46
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A
  • Ovulation –> wall of Graafian follicle ruptures
  • Antral fluid with oocyte flows to ovary surface
  • Released
  • Ova enters fimbrae

(Graafian follicle is recycled)

47
Q

Which comes first, the luteal phase or the follicular phase?

A

Follicular phase

48
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A
  • Ruptured follicle –> gland = corpus luteum
  • Corpus luteum secretes estrogens & progesterone
  • Corpus luteum reaches max activity 10 days, then degenrates
  • Degeneration –> decrease estrogens & progesterone –> menstruation (end of luteal phase)
  • If oocyte fertilised, degeneration does not occur
49
Q

How are fraternal twins produced?

A
  • Two or more follicles may become dominant & released at ovulation
  • If both are fertilised - fraternal twins
  • Also called dizygotic twins (develop from 2 zygotes)
50
Q

Summarise the menstural phase:

A
  • Shedding of uterine linging
  • Blood flow to tissue decreases
  • Tissue die & slough into vagina causing menstrual flow
  • Triggered by dec estrogen & progesterone
  • Hormones dec when corpus luteum degenerates
51
Q

What happens in the prolifertive phase?

A
  • Uterus prepares for fertilised ovum
  • Endometrial lining develops
  • Endometrial layer gows
  • Endometrial glands enlarge
  • Smooth muscle layer thickens
  • Cervical glands secrete mucus
  • Estrogens stimulate development of uterine lining
52
Q

Summarise the secretory phase:

A
  • Endometrium prepared for impantation
  • Blood supply inc
  • Glands enlarge & secrete glycogen-rich fluids
  • Cervical secretions more sticky forming a plug
53
Q

What are the hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Estrogen is first secreted from follicle then from the corpus luteum
  • Progesterone secreted from corpus luteum
  • LH and FSH secreted from anterior pituitary
  • Estrogens & progesterone inhibit LH & FSH secretion
54
Q

Refer to the regulation of hormone secretion diagram:

A

Can’t insert pictures sorry

55
Q

Which 2 hormones are involved in the mid-follicular phase?

A
  • FSH
  • Estrogens
56
Q

What is FSH’s role in the mid-follicular phase?

A
  • Granulosa cells –> theca cells
  • Theca cells have LH receptors
57
Q

What is estrogen’s role in the mid-follicular phase?

A
  • LH receptors on granulosa cells
  • Progesterone receptors on endometrial cells
58
Q

Refer to the flow diagram of the late follicular phase
;

A

:)

59
Q

What is the actions of estrogen in the follicualr phase?

A
  • Promote endometrial growth
  • Promote oogenesis & follicle development
  • Inc LH receptors on granulosa cells
  • Inc progesterone receptors in uterus
  • Inc LH secretion (late follicular phase only)
60
Q

What is the actions of estrogen in pregnancy (and luteal phase)?

A
  • Promote growth of duct tissue & deposition of fat in breast
  • Suppress lactation
  • Inc prolactin secretion
  • Growth & contractile activity of uterine smooth muscle
  • Inc oxytocin receptors in uterus
  • Promote fluid retention
61
Q

What are the actions of progesterone on the luteal phase & pregnancy?

A
  • Promotes secretory-phase uterine conditions
  • Suppress uterine contractile activity
  • Promotes growth of glandular tissue in breasts
  • Suppress milk production
62
Q

What are the 3 stages of Lon-term regualtion of female reproductive function?

A
  • Puberty
  • Reproductive years
  • Menopause
63
Q

What happens during female puberty?

A

Estrogen - secondary sex characteristics

64
Q

What happens during the female reproductive years?

A

Estrogen levels high to maintain secondary sex characteristics

65
Q

What happens in the meopause?

A
  • Estrogen levels dec
  • Reversal of some secondary sex characteristics
  • Hot-flushes
  • Inc risk of heart disease & osteoperosis

Human physiology (43 decks)

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