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Human physiology > Blood 1 > Flashcards

Blood 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does blood contribute to homeostasis?

A

Serves as:
- The vehicle for transporting materials to & from cells

  • Buffering changes in pH
  • Carrying excess heat to the body surface for elimination
  • Plays major role in body’s defence system
  • Minmising blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged
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2
Q

Why is blood crucial for the survival of cells?

A
  • Cells need constant supply of O2 & removal of CO2
  • Cells can only survive & function only in a narrow pH & temp range
  • Cells must be protected against disease causing microorganisms
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3
Q

Why is O2 important for cells?

A

It supports their energy generating chemical reactions - which produce CO2

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4
Q

What is the total amount of fluid in the body?

A

42 litres

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5
Q

How is the 42 litres of body fluid divided around the body?

A
  • Intracellular volume = 28L
  • Extracellular vol = 14L
  • Plasma vol = 3L
  • Red cell vol = 2.5L
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6
Q

How much of your body fluid does blood make up?

A

5.5L

(Plasma 3L and Red cell 2.5L)

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7
Q

How does circulation support the need of tissues?

A
  • Transports nutrients to tissues
  • Transports waste products away from tissues
  • Carries hormones from one part of the body to another
  • Maintains appropriate environement in all tissue fluids for optimal survival & func of cells
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8
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

Plasma (3L - 55%)
Formed elements (2.5L - 45%)
- Red cells (erythrocytes)
- White cells (leukocytes)
- Platelets (thrombocytes)

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9
Q

What is another name for red cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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10
Q

What is another name for white cells?

A

Leukocytes

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11
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

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12
Q

What is the haematocrit?

A

The proportion of red cells in the blood volume - is approx 45%

When blood is spun the RBCs pool at the bottom so can count them

Males = 42% - 52%
Females = 37% - 47%

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13
Q

How will Anaemia, Polycythaemia and Dehydration change the haematocrit?

A

Anameia = 35%

Polycythaemia = 70%

Dehydration = 70%

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14
Q

Why does the Haematocrit look the same in Polycythaemia and Dehydration?

A

Polycythaemia - total blood volume stays the same however the amount of RBCs increases from 45% to 70%

Dehydration - total blood volume dec (to lets say 65% of normal), so the RBC vol stays the same but the total vol of blood dec, therefore is 70%

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15
Q

What can your blood proportions help to determine?

A

Whether you are healthy or not

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16
Q

What is an external factor that can affect the proportion of RBCs in your blood?

A

Altitude

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17
Q

What can cause anaemia?

A

Blood loss, e.g. haemorrhage

Haemolytic disease, e.g. sickle cell

(Causes haematocrit to dec)

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18
Q

What causes Polycythaemia?

A

Secondary factor/physiologic i.e. hihg altitude

Polycythaemia vera = bone marrow tumours (a type of blood cancer that causes production of too many RBCs)

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19
Q

What % of world pop suffer from anaemia?

A

40%

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20
Q

What are 3 major causes of anaemia?

A
  • Dietary iron deficiency
  • Micronutrient deficiencies
  • Iron absorption
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21
Q

How does dietary iron deficiency cause anaemia?

A

Diagnosed by low haemoglobin - low serum ferritin response to iron supplements

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22
Q

How does micronutrient deficiencies cause anaemia?

A

Haemoglobin synthesis dec due to lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid

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23
Q

How does low iron absorption cause anaemia?

A

A lack or riboflavin alters level of iron absorption

Riboflavin is involved in RBC production and transportation of oxygen to the cells

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24
Q

What is polycythaemia also known as?

A

Erythrocytosis

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25
Q

What is Polycythaemia?

A

Having a high concetration of RBCs in you blood

26
Q

What are the symptoms of of Polycythaemia?

A
  • A ruddy complexion
  • Headache
  • Blurred/patchy vision
  • Confusion
  • Stroke or coma (extreme)
27
Q

What are the subtypes of Polycythaemia?

A

Absolute erythrocytosis

Apparent erythrocytosis

28
Q

What is absolute erythrocytosis?

A

Rasied red cell mass - normal plasma volume

29
Q

What is apparent erythrocytosis?

A

Normal red cell mass - reduced plasma volume

30
Q

What is the treatment for Polycythaemia (erythrocytosis)?

A

Venesection (blood letting)

31
Q

What is the Congenital primary cause of Polycythaemia (erythrocytosis)?

(Caused by an abnormality in the red cells)

A

Congenital –> Abnormal erythropoietin cell receptor, von Hippel Linda protein or proline dehydroxgenase enzyme

32
Q

What is the Acquired primary cause of Polycythaemia (erythrocytosis)?

(Caused by an abnormality in the red cells)

A

Acquired:
- Polycythaemia vera
- Myeloproliferative Disease

33
Q

What are the Congenital secondary causes of Polycythaemia (erythrocytosis)?

(Caused by an abnormality outsdie of the RBCs)

A

Congenital:
- Inherited High Erythropoietin

  • Abnormal haemolgobin with increased O2 affinity
  • Decreased levels of metabolites
34
Q

What are the Acquired secondary causes of Polycythaemia (erythrocytosis)?

(Caused by an abnormality outsdie of the RBCs)

A

Acquired:
- Conditions causing low O2 levels: chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, sleep apnoea

  • Kidney disease: tumours, cysts, block to urine flow, kidney transplants
  • Liver diease
35
Q

What are the Idiopathic secondary causes of Polycythaemia (erythrocytosis)?

(Unknown cause)

A

Idiopathic erythrocytosis

36
Q

What are the 3 main components of the blood?

A
  • Plasma –> 55%
  • Buffy coat –> leukocytes & platelets less than 1% of blood vol
  • Erythrocytes –> 45% of whole blood vol
37
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

Transport of substances

38
Q

What is the role of the Buffy coat?

A

Leukocytes –> Defence

Platelets –> Clotting

39
Q

What is the role of erythrocytes?

A

Transport of gasses

40
Q

What are the plasma components?

A
  • Water (90%)

Solutes:
- Proteins (8%)
- Albumin
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
- Others

41
Q

What role does water play in plasma?

A
  • Makes up 90% of plasma vol
  • Prrovides dissolving & suspending medium for solutes & formed elements
42
Q

What role do proteins play in plasma?

A

Account for 8% of plasma (by weight);

Most are synthesised by liver

43
Q

What role does albumin play in plasma?

A

60% of plasma proteins;

Largely responsible for plasma osmotic pressure

44
Q

What role do globulins play in plasma?

A

36% of plasma proteins;

Include:
- Clotting proteins
- Antibodies secreted by certain leukocytes during the immune response
- Proteins that bind to lipids
- Fat-soluble hormones & metal ions to transport these substances in the blood

45
Q

What role does fibrinogen play in plasma?

A

Important in the formation of blood clots

46
Q

What role do the other molecules play in plasma?

A

Enzymes, hormones & antibacterial proteins

47
Q

Albumins:

Where is it made and what is its function?

A

Source: Liver

Function: Major contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma; carriers for various substances

48
Q

Globulins:

Where is it made and what is its function?

A

Source: Liver & lymphoid tissue

Function: Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances

49
Q

Fibrinogen:

Where is it made and what is its function?

A

Source: Liver

Function: Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

50
Q

Transferrin:

Where is it made and what is its function?

A

Source: Liver & other tissues

Function: Iron transport

51
Q

Others in the plasma:

Where is it made and what is its function?

A

Source: various

Function: Enzymes, hormones & antibacterial proteins

52
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

Cell swells & loses shape

53
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

Cells collapse but rigid cytoskeleton remains intact

54
Q

What are the components in plasma that are transported?

A
  • Nitrogenous waste products
  • Organic nutrients
  • Electrolytes
  • Cations
  • Anions
  • Respiratory gases
55
Q

What are nitrogenous waste products?

A

By-products of metabolism, such as ureas, uric acid and creatine

56
Q

What are organic nutrients?

A

Materials absorbed from the intestines & used by cells throughout the body;

Includes glucose and other simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol and vitamins

57
Q

What are cations?

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium (important in neuromuscular signaling), and trace metals (important in normal enzyme activity)

58
Q

What are anions?

A

Chloride (important in neuromuscular signalling), bicarbonate and phosphate (important in maintenance of normal plasma pH)

59
Q

What are respiratory gases?

A

O2 and CO2; most O2 and some CO2 is bound to Hb in erythrocytes

A sig fraction of CO2 is found in the plasma in the form of bicarbonate

60
Q

What are the 5 blood cell types that can derive from a Myeloid stem cell?

A
  • Platelets
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Neutrophil
  • Macrophage
61
Q

What are the 2 types of stem cells that derive fro, a haematopoietic stem cell?

A
  • Myeloid stem cell
  • Lymphoid stem cell
62
Q

What is the type of blood cell that derives from a lyphoid stem cell?

A

A lymphocyte

Human physiology (43 decks)

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